A Social History of the American Negro - Being a History of the Negro Problem in the United States. Including - A History and Study of the Republic of Liberia

Benjamin Griffith Brawley

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• Publié par: musir
• Publié le: 08 décembre 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 47
• Langue: English
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by Benjamin Brawley
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Title: A Social History of The American Negro
Being a History of the Negro Problem in the United States. Including
A History And Study Of The Republic Of Liberia

Author: Benjamin Brawley
Release Date: April 25, 2004 [EBook #12101]
Language: English
Character set encoding: UTF-8
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A SOCIAL HISTORY
OF THE
American Negro
BEING
A HISTORY OF THE NEGRO PROBLEM
IN THE UNITED STATES
INCLUDING
A HISTORY AND STUDY OF THE
REPUBLIC OF LIBERIAby BENJAMIN BRAWLEY
1921
TO THE MEMORY OF
NORWOOD PENROSE HALLOWELL
PATRIOT
1839-1914
These all died in faith, not having received
the promises, but having seen them afar off.
Norwood Penrose Hallowell was born in Philadelphia April 13, 1839.
He inherited the tradition of the Quakers and grew to manhood in a
strong anti-slavery atmosphere. The home of his father, Morris L.
Hallowell—the "House called Beautiful," in the phrase of Oliver
Wendell Holmes—was a haven of rest and refreshment for wounded
soldiers of the Union Army, and hither also, after the assault upon him
in the Senate, Charles Sumner had come for succor and peace. Three
brothers in one way or another served the cause of the Union, one of
them, Edward N. Hallowell, succeeding Robert Gould Shaw in the
Command of the Fifty-Fourth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteers.
Norwood Penrose Hallowell himself, a natural leader of men, was
Harvard class orator in 1861; twenty-five years later he was the
marshal of his class; and in 1896 he delivered the Memorial Day
address in Sanders Theater. Entering the Union Army with
promptness in April, 1861, he served first in the New England Guards,
then as First Lieutenant in the Twentieth Massachusetts, won a
Captain's commission in November, and within the next year took part
in numerous engagements, being wounded at Glendale and even
more severely at Antietam. On April 17, 1863, he became Lieutenant-
Colonel of the Fifty-Fourth Massachusetts, and on May 30 Colonel of
the newly organized Fifty-Fifth. Serving in the investment of Fort
Wagner, he was one of the first to enter the fort after its evacuation.
His wounds ultimately forced him to resign his commission, and in
November, 1863, he retired from the service. He engaged in business
in New York, but after a few years removed to Boston, where he
became eminent for his public spirit. He was one of God's noblemen,
and to the last he preserved his faith in the Negro whom he had been
among the first to lead toward the full heritage of American citizenship.
He died April 11, 1914.CONTENTS
CHAPTER I
THE COMING OF NEGROES TO AMERICA
1. African Origins
2. The Negro in Spanish Exploration
3. Development of the Slave-Trade
4. Planting of Slavery in the Colonies
5. The Wake of the Slave-Ship
CHAPTER II
THE NEGRO IN THE COLONIES
1. Servitude and Slavery
2. The Indian, the Mulatto, and the Free Negro
3. First Effort toward Social Betterment
4. Early Insurrections
CHAPTER III
THE REVOLUTIONARY ERA
1. Sentiment in England and America
2. The Negro in the War
3. The Northwest Territory and the Constitution
4. Early Steps toward Abolition
5. Beginning of Racial Consciousness
CHAPTER IV
THE NEW WEST, THE SOUTH, AND THE
WEST INDIES
1. The Cotton-Gin, the New Southwest, and the First
Fugitive Slave Law
2. Toussaint L'Ouverture, Louisiana, and the Formal
Closing of the Slave-Trade
3. Gabriel's Insurrection and the Rise of the Negro
ProblemCHAPTER V
INDIAN AND NEGRO
1. Creek, Seminole, and Negro to 1817: The War of
1812
2. First Seminole War and the Treaties of Indian Spring
and Fort Moultrie
3. From the Treaty of Fort Moultrie to the Treaty of
Payne's Landing
4. Osceola and the Second Seminole War
CHAPTER VI
EARLY APPROACH TO THE NEGRO
PROBLEM
1. The Ultimate Problem and the Missouri Compromise
2. Colonization
3. Slavery
CHAPTER VII
THE NEGRO REPLY—I: REVOLT
1. Denmark Vesey's Insurrection
2. Nat Turner's Insurrection
3. The Amistad and Creole Cases
CHAPTER VIII
THE NEGRO REPLY—II: ORGANIZATION
AND AGITATION
1. Walker's "Appeal"
2. The Convention Movement
3. Sojourner Truth and Woman Suffrage
CHAPTER IX
LIBERIA
1. The Place and the People
2. History
(a) Colonization and Settlement(b) The Commonwealth of Liberia
(c) The Republic of Liberia
3. International Relations
4. Economic and Social Conditions
CHAPTER X
THE NEGRO A NATIONAL ISSUE
1. Current Tendencies
2. The Challenge of the Abolitionists
3. The Contest
CHAPTER XI
SOCIAL PROGRESS, 1820-1860
CHAPTER XII
THE CIVIL WAR AND EMANCIPATION
CHAPTER XIII
THE ERA OF ENFRANCHISEMENT
1. The Problem
2. Meeting the Problem
3. Reaction: The Ku-Klux Klan
4. Counter-Reaction: The Negro Exodus
5. A Postscript on the War and Reconstruction
CHAPTER XIV
THE NEGRO IN THE NEW SOUTH
1. Political Life: Disfranchisement
2. Economic Life: Peonage
3. Social Life: Proscription, Lynching
CHAPTER XV
"THE VALE OF TEARS," 1890-1910
1. Current Opinion and Tendencies2. Industrial Education: Booker T. Washington
3. Individual Achievement: The Spanish-American War
4. Mob Violence; Election Troubles; The Atlanta
Massacre
5. The Question of Labor
6. Defamation; Brownsville
7. The Dawn of a To-morrow
CHAPTER XVI
THE NEGRO IN THE NEW AGE
1. Character of the Period
2. Migration; East St. Louis
3. The Great War
4. High Tension: Washington, Chicago, Elaine
5. The Widening Problem
CHAPTER XVII
THE NEGRO PROBLEM
1. World Aspect
2. The Negro in American Life
3. Face to Face
PREFACE
In the following pages an effort is made to give fresh treatment to the
history of the Negro people in the United States, and to present this
from a distinct point of view, the social. It is now forty years since
George W. Williams completed his History of the Negro Race in
America, and while there have been many brilliant studies of periods
or episodes since that important work appeared, no one book has
again attempted to treat the subject comprehensively, and meanwhile
the race has passed through some of its most critical years in
America. The more outstanding political phases of the subject,
especially in the period before the Civil War, have been frequently
considered; and in any account of the Negro people themselves the
emphasis has almost always been upon political and military features.
Williams emphasizes this point of view, and his study of legal aspects
is not likely soon to be superseded. A noteworthy point about the
history of the Negro, however, is that laws on the statute-books have
not necessarily been regarded, public opinion and sentiment almostalways insisting on being considered. It is necessary accordingly to
study the actual life of the Negro people in itself and in connection
with that of the nation, and something like this the present work
endeavors to do. It thus becomes not only a Social History of the race,
but also the first formal effort toward a History of the Negro Problem in
America.
With this aim in mind, in view of the enormous amount of material, we
have found it necessary to confine ourselves within very definite limits.
A thorough study of all the questions relating to the Negro in the
United States would fill volumes, for sooner or later it would touch
upon all the great problems of American life. No attempt is made to
perform such a task; rather is it intended to fix attention upon the race
itself as definitely as possible. Even with this limitation there are some
topics that might be treated at length, but that have already been
studied so thoroughly that no very great modification is now likely to
be made of the results obtained. Such are many of the questions
revolving around the general subject of slavery. Wars are studied not
so much to take note of the achievement of Negro soldiers, vital as
that is, as to record the effect of these events on the life of the great
body of people. Both wars and slavery thus become not more than
incidents in the history of the ultimate problem.
In view of what has been said, it is natural that the method of
treatment should vary with the different chapters. Sometimes it is
general, as when we touch upon the highways of American history.
Sometimes it is intensive, as in the consideration of insurrections and
early effort for social progress; and Liberia, as a distinct and much
criticized experiment in government by American Negroes, receives
very special attention. For the first time also an effort is now made to
treat consecutively the life of the Negro people in America for the last
fifty years.
This work is