A Treatise on the Theory of Invariants

Oliver E. (Oliver Edmunds) Glenn

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• Publié par: phoik
• Publié le: 08 décembre 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 101
• Langue: English

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The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Treatise on the Theory of Invariants by Oliver E. Glenn Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the copyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributing this or any other Project Gutenberg eBook. This header should be the first thing seen when viewing this Project Gutenberg file. Please do not remove it. Do not change or edit the header without written permission. Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file. Included is important information about your specific rights and restrictions in how the file may be used. You can also find out about how to make a donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. **Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** **eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** *****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!***** Title: Treatise on the Theory of Invariants Author: Oliver E. Glenn Release Date: February, 2006 [EBook #9933] [Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule] [This file was first posted on November 1, 2003] Edition: 10 Language: English Character set encoding: TeX *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THEORY OF INVARIANTS *** E-text prepared by Joshua Hutchinson, Susan Skinner and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team. 2 A TREATISE ON THE THEORY OF INVARIANTS OLIVER E. GLENN, PH.D. PROFESSOR OF MATHEMATICS IN THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 2 PREFACE The object of this book is, first, to present in a volume of medium size the fundamental principles and processes and a few of the multitudinous applications of invariant theory, with emphasis upon both the nonsymbolical and the symbolical method. Secondly, opportunity has been taken to emphasize a logical development of this theory as a whole, and to amalgamate methods of English mathematicians of the latter part of the nineteenth century–Boole, Cayley, Sylvester, and their contemporaries–and methods of the continental school, associated with the names of Aronhold, Clebsch, Gordan, and Hermite. The original memoirs on the subject, comprising an exceedingly large and classical division of pure mathematics, have been consulted extensively. I have deemed it expedient, however, to give only a few references in the text. The student in the subject is fortunate in having at his command two large and meritorious bibliographical reports which give historical references with much greater completeness than would be possible in footnotes in a book. These are the article “Invariantentheorie” in the “Enzyklop¨die der mathematischen Wisa senschaften” (I B 2), and W. Fr. Meyer’s “Bericht uber den gegenw¨rtigen Stand ¨ a der Invarianten-theorie” in the “Jahresbericht der deutschen MathematikerVereinigung” for 1890-1891. The first draft of the manuscript of the book was in the form of notes for a course of lectures on the theory of invariants, which I have given for several years in the Graduate School of the University of Pennsylvania. The book contains several constructive simplifications of standard proofs and, in connection with invariants of finite groups of transformations and the algebraical theory of ternariants, formulations of fundamental algorithms which may, it is hoped, be of aid to investigators. While writing I have had at hand and have frequently consulted the following texts: • CLEBSCH, Theorie der bin¨ren Formen (1872). a • CLEBSCH, LINDEMANN, Vorlesungen uher Geometrie (1875). • DICKSON, Algebraic Invariants (1914). • DICKSON, Madison Colloquium Lectures on Mathematics (1913). I. Invariants and the Theory of lumbers. • ELLIOTT, Algebra of Quantics (1895). ` • FAA DI BRUNO, Theorie des formes binaires (1876). • GORDAN, Vorlesungen uber Invariantentheorie (1887). ¨ • GRACE and YOUNG, Algebra of Invariants (1903). • W. FR. MEYER, Allgemeine Formen und Invariantentheorie (1909). 3 • W. FR. MEYER, Apolarit¨t und rationale Curven (1883). a • SALMON, Lessons Introductory to Modern Higher Algebra (1859; 4th ed., 1885). • STUDY, Methoden zur Theorie der temaren Formen (1889). O. E. GLENN PHILADELPHIA, PA. 4 Contents 1 THE PRINCIPLES OF INVARIANT THEORY 1.1 The nature of an invariant. Illustrations . . . . . . 1.1.1 An invariant area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.2 An invariant ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.3 An invariant discriminant. . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.4 An Invariant Geometrical Relation. . . . . . 1.1.5 An invariant polynomial. . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.6 An invariant of three lines. . . . . . . . . . 1.1.7 A Differential Invariant. . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.8 An Arithmetical Invariant. . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Terminology and Definitions. Transformations . . . 1.2.1 An invariant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.2 Quantics or forms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.3 Linear Transformations. . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.4 A theorem on the transformed polynomial. 1.2.5 A group of transformations. . . . . . . . . . 1.2.6 The induced group. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.7 Cogrediency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.8 Theorem on the roots of a polynomial. . . . 1.2.9 Fundamental postulate. . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.10 Empirical definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.11 Analytical definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.12 Annihilators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Special Invariant Formations . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.1 Jacobians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.2 Hessians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.3 Binary resultants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.4 Discriminant of a binary form. . . . . . . . 1.3.5 Universal covariants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 9 9 11 12 13 15 16 17 19 21 21 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 27 28 29 30 31 31 32 33 34 35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 PROPERTIES OF INVARIANTS 37 2.1 Homogeneity of a Binary Concomitant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 2.1.1 Homogeneity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 2.2 Index, Order, Degree, Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 5 6 2.2.1 Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.2 Theorem on the index. . . . . . . . . . 2.2.3 Theorem on weight. . . . . . . . . . . Simultaneous Concomitants . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1 Theorem on index and weight. . . . . Symmetry. Fundamental Existence Theorem 2.4.1 Symmetry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 39 39 40 41 42 42 2.3 2.4 3 THE PROCESSES OF INVARIANT THEORY 45 3.1 Invariant Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 3.1.1 Polars. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 3.1.2 The polar of a product. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 3.1.3 Aronhold’s polars. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 3.1.4 Modular polars. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 3.1.5 Operators derived from the fundamental postulate. . . . . 51 3.1.6 The fundamental operation called transvection. . . . . . . 53 3.2 The Aronhold Symbolism. Symbolical Invariant Processes . . . . 54 3.2.1 Symbolical Representation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 3.2.2 Symbolical polars. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 3.2.3 Symbolical transvectants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 3.2.4 Standard method of transvection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 3.2.5 Formula for the rth transvectant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 3.2.6 Special cases of operation by Ω upon a doubly binary form, not a product. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 3.2.7 Fundamental theorem of symbolical theory. . . . . . . . . 62 3.3 Reducibility. Elementary Complete Irreducible Systems . . . . . 64 3.3.1 Illustrations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 3.3.2 Reduction by identities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 3.3.3 Concomitants of binary cubic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 3.4 Concomitants in Terms of the Roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 3.4.1 Theorem on linear factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 3.4.2 Conversion operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 3.4.3 Principal theorem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 3.4.4 Hermite’s Reciprocity Theorem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 3.5 Geometrical Interpretations. Involution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 3.5.1 Involution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 3.5.2 Projective properties represented by vanishing covariants. 77 4 REDUCTION 79 4.1 Gordan’s Series. The Quartic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 4.1.1 Gordan’s series. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 4.1.2 The quartic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 4.2 Theorems on Transvectants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 4.2.1 Monomial concomitant a term of a transvectant . . . . . 86 4.2.2 Theorem on the difference between two terms of a transvectant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 CONTENTS 4.2.3 Difference between a transvectant and one of its terms. Reduction of Transvectant Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3.1 Reducible transvectants of a special type. (Ci−1 , f )i . . . 4.3.2 Fundamental systems of cubic and quartic. . . . . . . . 4.3.3 Reducible transvectants in general. . . . . . . . . . . . . Syzygies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .