Conversations on Chemistry, V. 1-2 - In Which the Elements of that Science Are Familiarly - Explained and Illustrated by Experiments

Mrs. (Jane Haldimand) Marcet

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• Publié par: enja
• Publié le: 08 décembre 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 20
• Langue: English
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Project Gutenberg's Conversations on Chemistry, V. 1-2, by Jane Marcet This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: Conversations on Chemistry, V. 1-2        In Which the Elements of that Science Are Familiarly               Explained and Illustrated by Experiments Author: Jane Marcet Release Date: October 13, 2008 [EBook #26908] Language: English Character set encoding: UTF-8 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CONVERSATIONS ON CHEMISTRY, V. 1-2 *** Produced by Louise Hope Caution: DO NOT TRY THIS AT HOME. This text uses utf-8 (unicode) file encoding. If the apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, you may have an incompatible browser or unavailable fonts. First, make sure that the browser’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8). You may also need to change your browser’s default font. The original book was published in two volumes. The format is reproduced for this e-text, except that the author’s preface (originally in Volume I) and the combined index (Volume II) are in this introductory file. See the end of this file for notes on scientific terminology, spelling, Plates and chapter numbering. Contents (Chapter titles only) Volume I: Conversations I-X with detailed Contents Volume II: Conversations XIII-XXVI with detailed Contents General Index CONVERSATIONS NO EHC IN WHICH THE ELEMENTS OF THAT SCIENCE MISTRY;

ERA FAMILIARLY EXPLAINED DNA ILLUSTRATED BY EXPERIMENTS. IN TWO VOLUMES. The Fifth Edition, revised, corrected, and considerably enlarged.   LONDON: PRINTED FOR LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, AND BROWN, PATERNOSTER-ROW. .7181 P P ri r n in t t e e rs d -  b St y r   e A e .  t, S   t L r o a n h d a o n, n. ADVERTISEMENT. T he Author, in this fifth edition, has endeavoured to give an account of the principal discoveries which have been made within the last four years in Chemical Science, and of the various important applications, such as the gas- lights, and the miner’s-lamp, to which they have given rise. But in regard to doctrines or principles, the work has undergone no material alteration. London, July, 1817. PREFACE. I n venturing to offer to the public, and more particularly to the female sex, an Introduction to Chemistry, the author, herself a woman, conceives that some explanation may be required; and she feels it the more necessary to apologise for the present undertaking, as her knowledge of the subject is but recent, and as she can have no real claims to the title of chemist. v

On attending for the first time experimental lectures, the author found it almost impossible to derive any clear or satisfactory information from the rapid demonstrations which are usually, and perhaps necessarily, crowded into popular courses of this kind. But frequent opportunities having afterwards occurred of conversing with a friend on the subject of chemistry, and of repeating a variety of experiments, she became better acquainted with the principles of that science, and began to feel highly interested in its pursuit. It was then that she perceived, in attending the excellent lectures delivered at the Royal Institution, by the present Professor of Chemistry, the great advantage which her previous knowledge of the subject, slight as it was, gave her over others who had not enjoyed the same means of private instruction. Every fact or experiment attracted her attention, and served to explain some theory to which she was not a total stranger; and she had the gratification to find that the numerous and elegant illustrations, for which that school is so much distinguished, seldom failed to produce on her mind the effect for which they were intended. Hence it was natural to infer, that familiar conversation was, in studies of this kind, a most useful auxiliary source of information; and more especially to the female sex, whose education is seldom calculated to prepare their minds for abstract ideas, or scientific language. As, however, there are but few women who have access to this mode of instruction; and as the author was not acquainted with any book that could prove a substitute for it, she thought that it might be useful for beginners, as well as satisfactory to herself, to trace the steps by which she had acquired her little stock of chemical knowledge, and to record, in the form of dialogue, those ideas which she had first derived from conversation. But to do this with sufficient method, and to fix upon a mode of arrangement, was an object of some difficulty. After much hesitation, and a degree of embarrassment, which, probably, the most competent chemical writers have often felt in common with the most superficial, a mode of division was adopted, which, though the most natural, does not always admit of being strictly pursued —it is that of treating first of the simplest bodies, and then gradually rising to the most intricate compounds. It is not the author’s intention to enter into a minute vindication of this plan. But whatever may be its advantages or inconveniences, the method adopted in this work is such, that a young pupil, who should occasionally recur to it, with a view to procure information on particular subjects, might often find it obscure or unintelligible; for its various parts are so connected with each other as to form an uninterrupted chain of facts and reasonings, which will appear sufficiently clear and consistent to those only who may have patience to go through the whole work, or have previously devoted some attention to the subject. It will, no doubt, be observed, that in the course of these Conversations, remarks are often introduced, which appear much too acute for the young pupils, by whom they are supposed to be made. Of this fault the author is fully aware. But, in order to avoid it, it would have been necessary either to omit a variety of useful illustrations, or to submit to such minute explanations and frequent repetitions, as would have rendered the work tedious, and therefore less suited to its intended purpose. In writing these pages, the author was more than once checked in her progress by the apprehension that such an attempt might be considered by some, either as unsuited to the ordinary pursuits of her sex, or ill-justified by her own recent and imperfect knowledge of the subject. But, on the one hand, she felt iv iiv ivii xi

encouraged by the establishment of those public institutions, open to both sexes, for the dissemination of philosophical knowledge, which clearly prove that the general opinion no longer excludes women from an acquaintance with the elements of science; and, on the other, she flattered herself that whilst the impressions made upon her mind, by the wonders of Nature, studied in this new point of view, were still fresh and strong, she might perhaps succeed the better in communicating to others the sentiments she herself experienced. The reader will soon perceive, in perusing this work, that he is often supposed to have previously acquired some slight knowledge of natural philosophy, a circumstance, indeed, which appears very desirable. The author’s original intention was to commence this work by a small tract, explaining, on a plan analogous to this, the most essential rudiments of that science. This idea she has since abandoned; but the manuscript was ready, and might, perhaps, have been printed at some future period, had not an elementary work of a similar description, under the tide of “Scientific Dialogues,” been pointed out to her, which, on a rapid perusal, she thought very ingenious, and well calculated to answer its intended object. CONTENTS Page numbers have been retained to give an idea of the relative length of each Conversation. CONVERSATION I. ON THE GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CHEMISTRY. CONVERSATION II. ON LIGHT AND HEAT. CONVERSATION III. CONTINUATION OF THE SUBJECT. CONVERSATION IV. ON COMBINED CALORIC, COMPREHENDING SPECIFIC HEAT AND LATENT HEAT. CONVERSATION V. ON THE CHEMICAL AGENCIES OF ELECTRICITY. CONVERSATION VI. ON OXYGEN AND NITROGEN. CONVERSATION VII. ON HYDROGEN. CONVERSATION VIII. ON SULPHUR AND PHOSPHORUS. CONVERSATION IX. ON CARBON. CONVERSATION X. Page 1 62 07 221 061 181 412 652 282 x

ON METALS. CONVERSATION XIII. ON THE ATTRACTION OF COMPOSITION. CONVERSATION XIV. ON ALKALIES. CONVERSATION XV. ON EARTHS. CONVERSATION XVI. ON ACIDS. CONVERSATION XVII. OF W  T IT H H E     S S U U L L P P H H U U R R   I A C  N A D N  W D  I P TH H   O P S H P O H S O P R H I O C  R A U C S I ; D  A S: N  O D  R O ,  F T  T H H E  E C  S O U M L B P IN H A A T T I S O  A N N S  D OF OXYGEN PHOSPHATS. CONVERSATION XVIII. OF N   I T T H R E O  N G I E T N R   I A C  N A D N   D W   I C T A H  R C B A O R N B IC O   N A ;  C A ID N S D :     O O F R     T T H H E E     N C IT O R M A B T IN S  A A T N IO D  N C  O A F R   B O O X N Y A G T E S N .  WITH CONVERSATION XIX. ON THE BORACIC, FLUORIC, MURIATIC, AND OXYGENATED MURIATIC ACIDS; AND ON MURIATS. CONVERSATION XX. ON THE NATURE AND COMPOSITION OF VEGETABLES. CONVERSATION XXI. ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF VEGETABLES. CONVERSATION XXII. HISTORY OF VEGETATION. CONVERSATION XXIII. ON THE COMPOSITION OF ANIMALS. CONVERSATION XXIV. ON THE ANIMAL ECONOMY. CONVERSATION XXV. ON ANIMALISATION, NUTRITION, AND RESPIRATION. CONVERSATION XXVI. ON ANIMAL HEAT; AND OF VARIOUS ANIMAL PRODUCTS. ERRATA. Vol. I. page 56.last line but one, for “caloric,” read “calorific.” 179.Note, for “Plate XII.” r. “Plate XIII.” 413 1 91 44 96 08 010 131 261 202 342 672 792 413 633 ivx.I

363INDEX. Index links lead only to the top of the page, not to the exact item referenced. t S o  o t m he e     w br r o on w g s   e p r a s  ge m ,  a t y h   e n   o li t n   k di  i s s p   l r a ig y  ht p   a a g n e d     n th u e m  v b i e s r i s b   l c e  o p rr a e g c e t   ly n . u  I m f  b a  e l r i   n is k    s wr e o e n m g. s to lead  L   M       A N             B O             C P             D Q             E R             F S           G T             H V             IJ U             K W         Y   Z U, V are alphabetized as shown. J is not separated from I. LA A bsorbent vessels, ii. 304 Lac, ii. 358 Absorption of caloric, i. 59. 66 Lactic acid, ii. 75. 290. 356 Acetic acid, ii. 75. 197 Lakes, colours, ii. 190 Acetous fermentation, ii. 232 Latent heat, i. 133 —— acid, ii. 193. 232 Lavender water, ii. 184. 224 Acidulous gaseous mineral waters, ii. 129 Lead, i. 14. 318. 330 —— salts, ii. 200 Leather, ii. 193. 287 Leaves, ii. 260 A A e ci r d if s o , r  i. m   , 2  i 6 .  2 3 . 6 ii. 69 Life, ii. 159. 168 A Af g fi a n t i e t , y   , i   i i . .     5 1 1 9. ii. 1 L L i i g g a ht, m  i e . n 1 t 2 s . ,    i 2 i. 6   . 3  i 0 i. 3  261 A A i g r, r   i i c . u 1 lt 8 u 2 r . e  i , i   . i   i. 2   6 2 2 52 L L i ig m h e t , n  i i i n . g 5 , 9 i. 248 Albumen, ii. 277. 288 L — im — e   s w to at n e e r , ,     i i i i . .     6 6 0 1 368 Alburnum, ii. 267 Alchemists, i. 4 Linseed oil, ii. 178 Alcohol, or spirit of wine, ii. 215. 222 Liqueurs, ii. 224 Alembic, i. 258 Liver, ii. 308 Alkalies, ii. 19 Lobes, ii. 256. 332 Alkaline earths, ii. 50. 58 Lunar caustic, or nitrat of silver, i. 350. Alloys, i. 344 ii. 119 Alum, or sulphat of alumine, ii. 55. 95 Lungs, ii. 319. 330 Lymph, ii. 304 A A l l u u m m i i n u e m , ,     ii i . .     5 1 4 3 Lymphatic vessels, ii. 304 A A m m b al e g r a gr m is ,  , i   . ii   . 3  3 4 5 7 8 M Index top Amethyst, ii. 58 Magnesia, ii. 44. 66 Amianthus, ii. 66 Magnium, i. 13 Ammonia, or volatile alkali, i. 363. ii. 20. 35 Malic acid, ii. 74. 197 Ammoniacal gas, ii. 36 Malt, ii. 211 Ammonium, i. 13 Malleable metals, i. 14 Analysis, i. 287 —— of vegetables, ii. 165 M M a a n n n g a a , n  i e i. s 1 e, 7  i 6 . 14. 317 A A n n i i m m a a l l   s a ,  c ii i . d   s 2 , 7  i 6 i. 75. 290 M M a a r n b u l r e e ,  , i   i i . i   .  1 2 2 4 3 7 —— colours, ii. 292 Marine acid, or muriatic acid, ii. 136 —— heat, ii. 337 Mastic, ii. 187. 224 —— oil, ii. 178. 283 Materials of animals, ii. 277 Animalization, ii. 276. 297. 315 —— of vegetables, ii. 165

463 Antidotes, ii. 41. 87 Antimony, i. 14 Aqua fortis, ii. 105 —— regia, i. 340. ii. 144 Arrack, ii. 220 Argand’s Lamp, i. 208 Arsenic, i. 14. 340. 348 Arteries, ii. 304. 323 Arterial blood, ii. 305. 326. 338 Asphaltum, ii. 240 Assafœtida, ii. 188 Assimilation, ii. 298 A A t st m ri o n s g p e h n e t r  p e, r   i i n . c 9 ip 0 l . e   , 1  i 8 i. 1   . 1  i 9 i. 8  262 Atmospherical air, i. 182 Attraction of aggregation, or cohesion, i. 16. ii. 2 —— of composition, i. 16. ii. 1 Azot, or nitrogen, i. 182, ii. 100 Azotic gas, i. 182 B Index top Balsams, ii. 165. 188 B B a al r l k o ,  o ii n . s 1 , 9 i.  3 2 . 4 2 5 65 Barytes, ii. 44. 58. 61 Bases of acids, i. 263. ii. 69 —— gases, i. 183 —— salts, ii. 5 Beer, ii. 212. 220 Benzoic acid, ii. 74. 197 Bile, ii. 308 B B i ir s d m s, u   t ii h . , 3 i. 4  1 7 4 Bitumens, ii. 239 Black lead, or plumbago, i. 304 Bleaching, i. 32. ii. 89. 140. Blow-pipe, i. 324. ii. 226 Blood, ii. 306. 317 Blood-vessels, ii. 298 Boiling water, i. 93 Bombic acid, ii. 75. 290 Bones, ii. 298, 299 Boracic acid, i. 365. ii. 131 Boracium, i. 13. ii. 132 Borat of soda, ii. 133 Brandy, ii. 218 Brass, i. 344 Bread, ii. 233 Bricks, ii. 56 Brittle-metals, i. 14 Bronze, i. 341 Butter, ii. 351 Butter-milk, ii. 352 C Index top Calcareous earths, ii. 65 Mercury, i. 14. 346 ——, new mode of freezing, i. 155. 347 Metallic acids, i. 340 M — e — ta   l o s, x   y i. d  1 s, 2   . i.     3 3 1 1 4 6 Meteoric stones, i. 342 Mica, ii. 66 Milk, ii. 299. 306. 350 Minerals, i. 315. ii. 44. 158 Mineral waters, i. 296. ii. 129 —— acids, ii. 73 Miner’s lamp, i. 249 Mixture, i. 99 Molybdena, i. 14. 340 Mordant, ii. 165. 192 M M u or c t il a a r, g  i e i. ,    i 5 i. 3   . 1   7 6 0 5 Mucous acid, ii. 74. 171. 197 —— membrane, ii. 311 Muriatic acid, or marine acid, ii. 136 Muriats, ii. 151 Muriat of ammonia, ii. 35. 152 —— lime, i. 100 —— soda, or common salt, ii. 136. 151 —— potash, ii. 138 Muriatium, i. 13 Muscles of animals, ii. 298. 303 M M y u r s r k h , ,     i i i i . .     3 1 5 8 9 8 N. Index top Naphtha, i. 357. ii. 240 Negative electricity, i. 25. 161. 185 Nerves, ii. 279. 298. 308 Neutral, or compound salts, i. 333. ii. 4. 22. 96 Nickel, i. 13. 343 Nitre, or nitrat of potash, or saltpetre, ii. 32. 104. 116 Nitric acid, ii. 100 Nitrogen, or azot, i. 181. ii. 100 —— gas, i. 182. 211 Nitro-muriatic acid, or aqua regia, ii. 144 Nitrous acid gas, ii. 101. 106 —— air, or nitrit oxyd gas, ii. 107 Nitrats, ii. 116 N — itr — a   t  a o m f c m o o p n p ia e , r  i , i   . i   i. 1  5 13. 118 —— potash, or nitre, or saltpetre, ii. 32. 104. 116 —— silver, or lunar caustic, ii. 19 Nomenclature of acids, i. 264. ii. 69 —— compound salts, ii. 4. 22 —— other binary compounds, i. 278 Nut-galls, ii. 98. 199 N N u u t t r - i o ti il o ,  n ii , .     ii 1 .  7 2 8 97 963

563 —— stones, ii. 123 Calcium, i. 13 Caloric, i. 12. 33 — — — — , ,     c a o b n s d or u p c t t i o o r n s     o o f f , ,     i i . .     6 7 6 0 ——, combined, i. 122 ——, expansive power of i. 35 — — — — , ,     r e e q fl u e il x i i b o ri n u  o m f   ,  o i. f   , 5 i. 4   . 5   0 67 ——, radiation of, i. 52. 61 ——, solvent power of, i. 96. 102 ——, capacity for, i. 124 Calorimeter, i. 156 Calx, i. 183 Camphor, ii. 165. 185 C C a a o m u p tc h h o o ri u c  c a ,  c ii i . d   , 1  i 6 i. 5   . 7   4 1 . 8  1 9 97 Carbonats, ii. 25. 129 Carbonat of ammonia, ii. 41 —— lead, i. 320 —— lime, ii. 59. 130 —— magnesia, ii. 67 —— potash, ii. 25 Carbonated hydrogen gas, i. 302 Carbon, i. 282. ii. 329 Carbonic acid, i. 290. 359. ii. 327 Carburet of iron, i. 304. 342 C C a a r r ti m la in g e e , ,     i i i i . .     2 3 9 0 5 3 Castor, ii. 359 Cellular membrane, ii. 311 C C a h u al s k ti ,  c ii s . , 6 i. 2   . 3   4 1 9 23 Charcoal, i. 282 Cheese, ii. 356 Chemical attraction, i. 15. ii. 9 Chemistry, i. 3 Chest, ii. 318 China, ii. 54 C C h h l r o o ri m n e e , ,     i i . .     1 2 4 1 . 4 340 Chyle, ii. 305. 317 Chyme, ii. 316 Citric acid, ii. 74. 197 Circulation of the blood, ii. 322 Civet, ii. 359 Clay, i. 48. ii. 55 Coke, ii. 241 Coal, ii. 240. 252 Cobalt, i. 14 Cochineal, ii. 295 Cold, i. 50. 58 —— from evaporation, i. 102. 113. 150 Colours of metallic oxyds, i. 319 Columbium, i. 14. 340. 348 Combined caloric, i. 122 Combustion, i. 190 O Index top Ochres, i. 320 Oils, i. 285. ii. 306 Oil of amber, ii. 241 —— vitriol, or sulphuric acid, ii. 80 Olive oil, ii. 178 Ores, i. 315 Organized bodies, ii. 159 Organs of animals, ii. 290. 310 —— vegetables, ii. 159. 265. 271 Osmium, i. 14. 348 Oxalic acid, ii. 74. 197 Oxyds, i. 198 Oxyd of manganese, i. 117. 317 —— iron, i. 204. 319 —— lead, i. 319 —— sulphur, ii. 91 Oxydation, or oxygenation, i. 196 Oxygen, i. 11. 181. 201. 211 —— gas, or vital air, i. 182. 201 Oxy-muriatic acid, ii. 140 Oxy-muriats, ii. 153 Oxy-muriat of potash, ii. 155 P Index top Palladium, i. 13. 348 Papin’s digester, i. 120. ii. 284 Parenchyma, ii. 256. 266 Particles, i. 16 Pearlash, ii. 24 Peat, ii. 242 Peculiar juice of plants, ii. 268 Perfect metals, i. 14. 324 Perfumes, i. 308. ii. 183 Perspiration, ii. 333. 329 Petrification, ii. 237 Pewter, i. 344 Pharmacy, i. 14 P P h h o o s s p p h h o a r t  a o t f e  l d i   m h e y , d  i r i. o  9 g 9 e . n     2 g 9 a 9 s, i. 277 Phosphorescence, i. 29 Phosphoric acid, i. 273. ii. 99 Phosphorous acid, i. 274. ii. 99 Phosphorus, i. 270 Phosphoret of lime, i. 278. 341 —— sulphur, i. 279. 341 P P l it a c s h t , e  i r i , .     ii 1 .  8 6 7 5 Platina, i. 14. 323 Plating, i. 345 Plumbago, or black lead, i. 304 Plumula, ii. 257 Porcelain, ii. 56 Positive electricity, i. 25. 161. 185 Potassium, i. 13. 357. ii. 15 Pottery, ii. 56

——, volatile products of, i. 207 P P o o t tt a e s r h y , ,     i i . i   .  3 5 5 6 6. ii. 22 ——, fixed products of, i. 207 Precipitate, i. 22 ——, of alcohol, ii. 225 ——, of ammoniacal gas, ii. 42 P P r r i e n s te s r u ’ r s e  i   n o k f  , t  i h i. e     1 a 4 t 4 mosphere, i. 112. 116 ——, of boracium, ii. 133 ——, by oxymuriatic acid or chlorine, ii. 142 P — ru — s   s p ia o t t   a o s f  h i , r   o ii. n   , 2  o 9 r 1  prussian blue, ii. 291 ——, of carbon, i. 289 Prussic acid, ii. 75. 290 — — — — , ,     o o f f     c c h o a al r s c , o  i. a   l 2 b 0 y 7   . n   i 2 tr 9 ic 7  acid, ii. 102 P P y u r t i r t i e d s  f , e  i r . m 3 e 4 n 1 t .  a ii t . i   o 9 n 7 , ii. 235. 360 ——, of candles, i. 236. 309. ii. 179 Pyrometer, i. 38. 42 — — — — , ,     o o f f     e d t ia he m r, o  i n i. d  2 s, 3  i 0 . 292 Q Index top ——, of hydrogen, i. 229. Quick lime, ii. 59 — — — — , ,     o o f f     ir m o e n t , a  i l . s   , 2  i. 0   0 3 . 2  3 1 22 Quiescent forces, ii. 12 ——, of oils, i. 208. ii. 178. 309 R Index top 370 —— i , i   . o 6 f oil of turpentine by nitrous acid, Radiation of caloric, i. 52 ——, of phosphorus, i. 272——, Prevost’s theory, i. 52 ——, of sulphur, i. 261——, Pictet’s explanations, i. 54 —— of potassium, i. 358. ii. 132. 138, 139——, Leslie’s illustrations, i. 61 Compound bodies, i. 9. ii. 14Radicals, ii. 5. 69 —— or neutral salts i. 333. ii. 4Radicle; or root, ii. 257 C — o — n , d   u s c o t li o d r s s ,     o i. f     7 h 3 eat, i. 71 R R a ai n n c , i  i d . i   t 1 y, 0  i 4 i. 182 — — — — , ,    f C lu o i u d n s, t     i. R   u 78 mford’s theory, i. 79R R e e f c l t e if x i i c o a n ti   o of n   , c  i a i. l   o 2 r 2 ic 3 , i. 54. 64 Constituent parts, i. 9Reptiles, ii. 349 C C o o p p a p l e ,  r ii , .     i. 1  1 8 4 7 . .     3 2 3 2 1 4 R R e e s s i p n ir s, a   t i i i. o   n 1 , 6  i 5 i. ,     3 1 1 8 7 6 . .     3 2 2 6 6 6 C C o o t r y ti l c e a d l  o la n y s, e   r o s r ,     l i o i. b 2 e 6 s, 5   . ii   . 2  2 6 5 7 6R R h e o vi d v i i u ng m   , o  i f .    1 m 4 e . t   a 3 l 4 s, 8  i. 327 Cream, ii. 351Roasting metals, i. 316 Crea 2 m 2   2 of tartar, or tartrit of potash, ii. 200.Rock crystal, ii. 61 Ruby, ii. 53 Cryophorus, i. 154 Rum, ii. 219 Crystallisation, i. 338. ii. 47 Rust, i. 318. 328 Cucurbit, i. 258 Culinary heat, i. 88 S Index top Curd, ii. 351. 354 Saccharine fermentation, ii. 208 Cuticle, or epidermis, ii. 310 Sal ammoniac, or muriat of ammonia, ii. 35 D Index top —— polychrest, or sulphat of potash, ii. 91 —— volatile, or carbonat of ammonia, ii. 41 Decomposition, i. 8. 20 —— of atmospherical air, i. 181. 209 S S a a l l i i f fi y a in bl g e     p b ri a n s c e ip s l ,  e ii s . ,     5 ii. 5 —— of water by the Voltaic battery, i. 220 Saltpetre, or nitre, or nitrat of potash, ii. 32. — — — —     o o f f    s w a a l t t e s  r  b b y y  t   h m e e   t V a o l l s t , a  i i . c     2 b 2 a 5 tt .  e 3 r 3 y, 4  ii. 14 Salt, 1 ii. 0   4 9 . 1  116 — — — —     o — f v — e   g b e y t   a ca bl r e b s o ,  n ii , .     i. 2  3 0 0 2 1 S S a a n n d d, s   t ii o . n 3 e 0 , .  i   i 5 .  1 51 —— of potash, i. 356Sap of plants, ii. 165. 260. 262. 270. 272 —— of soda, i. 56Sapphire, ii. 58 —— of ammonia, i. 363. ii. 37Saturation, i. 101. 366 —— of the boracic acid, ii. 132Sapphire, ii. 58 —— of the fluoric acid, ii. 136Saturation, i. 101 —— of the muriatic acid, ii. 139Seas, temperature of, i. 33. Deflagration, ii. 118Sebacic acid, ii. 75. 182. 290. 353