EUROPA EUROPE EUROPA EUROPE EUROPA EUROPE

Frederic Austin Ogg

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EUROPA EUROPE EUROPA EUROPE EUROPA EUROPE

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• Publié par: obakewys
• Publié le: 08 décembre 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 305
• Langue: Français
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 2 Mo

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The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Governments of Europe, by Frederic Austin Ogg This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: The Governments of Europe Author: Frederic Austin Ogg Release Date: April 7, 2007 [eBook #21006] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 ***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GOVERNMENTS OF EUROPE*** E-text prepared by Dave Kline, Christine P. Travers, and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) THE GOVERNMENTS OF EUROPE THE MACMILLAN COMPANY NEW YORK · BOSTON · CHICAGO DALLAS · SAN FRANCISCO MACMILLAN & CO., LIMITED LONDON · BOMBAY · CALCUTTA MELBOURNE THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, LTD. TORONTO THE GOVERNMENTS OF EUROPE BY FREDERIC AUSTIN OGG, PH. D. PROFESSOR OF POLITICAL SCIENCE IN THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN AUTHOR OF "SOCIAL PROGRESS IN CONTEMPORARY EUROPE" New York THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1918 All rights reserved COPYRIGHT, 1913. BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY Set up and electrotyped. Published February, 1913. Reprinted July, December, 1913; June, 1914; August, 1915; July, 1916; September, 1917. To My Father PREFACE It is a matter of common observation that during the opening years of the twentieth century there has been, in many portions of the civilized world, a substantial quickening of interest in the principles and problems of human government. The United States is happily among those countries in which the phenomenon can be observed, and we have witnessed in recent times not only the organization of societies and the establishment of journals designed to foster research within the field, but also a notable multiplication and strengthening of courses in political science open to students in our colleges and universities, as well as the development of clubs, forums, extension courses, and other facilities for the increasing of political information and the stimulation of political thinking on the part of the people at large. It is the object of this book to promote the intelligent study of government by supplying working descriptions of the governmental systems of the various countries of western and central Europe as they have taken form and as they operate at the present day. Conceived and prepared primarily as a text for use in college courses, it is hoped none the less that the volume may prove of service to persons everywhere whose interest in the subject leads them to seek the sort of information which is here presented. The content of the book has been determined, in the main, by three considerations. In the first place, it has been deemed desirable to afford a wide opportunity for the comparative study of political institutions, especially by reason of the familiar fact that the governmental system of a minor country may, and frequently does, exhibit elements of novelty and of importance not inferior to those to be observed in the political organization of a greater state. Hence there are included descriptions of the governments of the minor as well as of the major nations of western and central Europe; and the original purpose to attempt some treatment of the governments of the eastern nations has been abandoned, somewhat reluctantly, only because of the demands of space, and because it was felt that this portion of the projected work would perhaps meet no very serious need in the usual college courses. In the second place, it is believed that the intelligent study of presentday governments must involve at all stages the taking into careful account of the historical origins and growth of these governments. Hence a considerable amount of space has been devoted to sketches of constitutional history, which, however, are in all instances so arranged that they may readily be omitted if their omission is deemed desirable. In the case of countries whose political system underwent a general reconstitution during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic era it has been thought not feasible to allude, even briefly, to historical developments prior to the later eighteenth century. In the third place, it has been considered desirable to include in the book some treatment of political parties and of the institutions of local administration. Within a field so expansive it has been possible to undertake but an introduction to a majority of the subjects touched upon. In the foot-notes will be found references to books, documents, and periodical materials of widely varying types, and it is hoped that some of these may serve to guide student and reader to more intensive information. The preparation of the book has been facilitated by the encouragement and the expert advice accorded me by a number of teachers of government in colleges and universities in various portions of the country. And I have had at all times the patient and discriminating assistance of my wife. For neither the plan nor the details of the work, however, can responsibility be attached to anyone save myself. I can only hope that amidst the multitude of facts, some elusive and many subject to constant change, which I have attempted here to set down, not many seriously vitiating errors may have escaped detection. FREDERIC AUSTIN OGG . CAMBRIDGE, M ASSACHUSETTS, January 10, 1913. TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I.—GREAT BRITAIN CHAPTER I. THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE CONSTITUTION 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. The Importance of Historical Background Anglo-Saxon Beginnings The Norman-Plantagenet Period The Rise of Parliament Administrative and Judicial Development The Tudor Monarchy Parliament under the Tudors The Stuarts: Crown and Parliament The Later Stuarts: the Revolution of 1688-1689 II. THE CONSTITUTION SINCE THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Crown and Parliament after 1789 Rise of the Cabinet and of Political Parties The Scottish and Irish Unions The Nature and Sources of the Constitution The Flexibility of the Constitution III. THE CROWN AND THE M INISTRY 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. The Crown: Legal Status and Privileges The Powers of the Crown The Importance and Strength of the Monarchy Privy Council, Ministry, and Cabinet The Executive Departments The Cabinet: Composition and Character The Cabinet in Action IV. PARLIAMENT: THE HOUSE OF COMMONS 1. 2. 3. 4. The House of Commons prior to 1832 Parliamentary Reform, 1832-1885 The Franchise and the Electoral Questions of To-day Electoral Procedure and Regulations V. PARLIAMENT: THE HOUSE OF LORDS 1. Composition 2. The Reform of the Lords: the Question prior to 1909 3. The Question of the Lords, 1909-1911 4. The Parliament Act of 1911 and After VI. PARLIAMENT, ORGANIZATION, FUNCTIONS, PROCEDURE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. The Assembling of the Chambers Organization of the House of Commons Organization of the House of Lords Privileges of the Houses and of Members The Functions of Parliament General Aspects of Parliamentary Procedure The Conduct of Business in the two Houses VII. POLITICAL PARTIES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Parliamentarism and the Party System Parties in the Later Eighteenth and Earlier Nineteenth Centuries The Second Era of Whig [Liberal] Ascendancy, 1830-1874 The Second Era of Conservative Ascendancy, 1874-1905 The Liberal Revival The Rule of the Liberals, 1906-1912 The Parties of To-day VIII. J USTICE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. English Law The Inferior Courts The Higher Courts Local Government to the Municipal Corporations Act, 1835 Local Government Reform, 1835-1912 Local and Central Government Local Government To-day: Rural Local Government To-day: Urban PART II.—GERMANY IX. THE EMPIRE AND ITS CONSTITUTION 1. 2. 3. 4. Political Development Prior to 1848 The Creation of the Empire The Constitution: Nature of the Empire The Empire and the States X. THE IMPERIAL GOVERNMENT: EMPEROR, CHANCELLOR, AND BUNDESRATH 1. The Emperor 2. The Chancellor 3. The Bundesrath XI. THE IMPERIAL GOVERNMENT: REICHSTAG , PARTIES, J UDICIARY 1. Composition of the Reichstag—Electoral System 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Organization and Powers of the Reichstag The Rise of Political Parties Party Politics after 1878 Parties since 1907 Law and Justice XII. THE CONSTITUTION OF PRUSSIA—THE CROWN AND THE M INISTRY 1. The German States and their Governments 2. The Rise of Constitutionalism in Prussia 3. The Crown and the Ministry XIII. THE PRUSSIAN LANDTAG —LOCAL GOVERNMENT 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Composition of the Landtag The Movement for Electoral Reform Organization and Functions of the Landtag Local Government: Origins and Principles Local Government: Areas and Organs XIV. THE M INOR GERMAN STATES—ALSACE-LORRAINE 1. The More Important Monarchies 2. The Lesser Monarchies and the City Republics 3. Alsace-Lorraine PART III.—FRANCE XV. CONSTITUTIONS SINCE 1789 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. A Century of Political Instability The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Era From the Restoration to the Revolution of 1848 The Second Republic and the Second Empire The Establishment of the Third Republic The Constitution of To-day XVI. THE PRESIDENT, THE M INISTRY, AND PARLIAMENT 1. 2. 3. 4. The President The Ministry Parliament: Senate and Chamber of Deputies The Problem of Electoral Reform XVII. PARLIAMENTARY PROCEDURE—POLITICAL PARTIES 1. Organization and Workings of the Chambers 2. Political Parties since 1871 XVIII. J USTICE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT 1. French Law 2. The Courts 3. Local Government: Development since 1789 4. Local Government To-day PART IV.—ITALY XIX. CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 1. 2. 3. 4. The Era of Napoleon The Restoration and the Revolution of 1848 The Achievement of Unification The Constitution XX. THE ITALIAN GOVERNMENT SYSTEM 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The Crown and the Ministry Parliament: the Senate The Chamber of Deputies—Parliamentary Procedure The Judiciary Local Government XXI. STATE AND CHURCH—POLITICAL PARTIES 1. 2. 3.