Heroes of Modern Europe

Alice Birkhead

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• Publié par: rociv
• Publié le: 08 décembre 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 17
• Langue: English

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The Project Gutenberg EBook of Heroes of Modern Europe, by Alice Birkhead This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: Heroes of Modern Europe Author: Alice Birkhead Release Date: April 16, 2007 [EBook #21114] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HEROES OF MODERN EUROPE *** Produced by Al Haines Leo Tolstoy in his bare Apartments at Yasnaya Polyana (Repin) HEROES OF MODERN EUROPE BY ALICE BIRKHEAD B.A. AUTHOR OF 'THE STORY OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION' 'MARIE ANTOINETTE' 'PETER THE GREAT' ETC. WITH EIGHT ILLUSTRATIONS GEORGE G. HARRAP & CO. LTD. LONDON —— CALCUTTA —— SYDNEY [Transcriber's note: Page numbers in this book are indicated by numbers enclosed in curly braces, e.g. {99}. They have been located where page breaks occurred in the original book, in accordance with Project Gutenberg's FAQ-V-99. For its Index, a page number has been placed only at the start of that section. In the HTML version of this book, page numbers are placed in the left margin.] First published July 1913 by GEORGE G. HARRAP & Co. 39-41 Parker Street, Kingsway, London, W.C.2 Reprinted in the present series: February 1914; August 1917; May 1921; January 1924; July 1926 Contents CHAP. I. THE TWO SWORDS II. DANTE, THE DIVINE POET III. LORENZO THE MAGNIFICENT IV. THE PRIOR OF SAN MARCO V. MARTIN LUTHER, REFORMER OF THE CHURCH VI. CHARLES V, HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR VII. THE BEGGARS OF THE SEA VIII. WILLIAM THE SILENT, FATHER OF HIS COUNTRY IX. HENRY OF NAVARRE X. UNDER THE RED ROBE XI. THE GRAND MONARCH XII. PETER THE GREAT XIII. THE ROYAL ROBBER XIV. SPIRITS OF THE AGE XV. THE MAN FROM CORSICA XVI. "GOD AND THE PEOPLE" XVII. "FOR ITALY AND VICTOR EMMANUEL!" XVIII. THE THIRD NAPOLEON XIX. THE REFORMER OF THE EAST XX. THE HERO IN HISTORY INDEX 9 19 30 41 52 63 74 86 100 115 128 137 145 156 168 183 195 207 216 228 233 Illustrations LEO TOLSTOY IN HIS BARE APARTMENTS AT YASNAYA POLYANA (Repin) DANTE IN THE STREETS OF FLORENCE (Evelyn Paul) THE LAST SLEEP OF SAVONAROLA (Sir George Reid, P.R.S.A.) PHILIP II PRESENT AT AN AUTO-DA-FÉ (D. Valdivieso) LAST MOMENTS OF COUNT EGMONT (Louis Gallait) AN APPLICATION TO THE CARDINAL FOR HIS FAVOUR (Walter Gay) FREDERICK THE GREAT RECEIVING HIS PEOPLE'S HOMAGE (A. Menzel) THE MEETING OF VICTOR EMMANUEL AND GARIBALDI (Pietro Aldi) Frontispiece 22 60 78 90 124 152 204 {9} Heroes of Modern Europe Chapter I The Two Swords In the fourth century after Christ began that decay of the Roman Empire which had been the pride of the then civilized world. Warriors of Teutonic race invaded its splendid cities, destroyed without remorse the costliest and most beautiful of its antique treasures. Temples and images of the gods fell before barbarians whose only fear was lest they should die "upon the straw," while marble fountains and luxurious bath-houses were despoiled as signs of a most inglorious state of civilization. Theatres perished and, with them, the plays of Greek dramatists, who have found no true successors. Pictures and statues and buildings were defaced where they were not utterly destroyed. The Latin race survived, forlornly conscious of its vanished culture. The Teutons had hardly begun to impose upon the Empire the rude customs of their own race when Saracens, bent upon spreading the religion of Mahomet, bore down upon Italy, where resistance from watchtowers and castles was powerless to check their cruel depredations. Norman pirates plundered the shores of the Mediterranean and sailed up the River Seine, always winning easy victories. Magyars, a strange, wandering race, came from the East and wrought much evil among the newly-settled Germans. From the third to the tenth century there were incredible changes among the European nations. Gone were the gleaming cities of the South and the worship of art and science and the exquisite refinements of the life of scholarly leisure. Gone were the flourishing manufactures since the warrior had no time to devote to trading. Gone was the love of letters and the philosopher's prestige now that men looked to the battle-field alone to give them the awards of glory. Outwardly, Europe of the Middle Ages presented a sad contrast to the magnificence of an Empire which was fading to remoteness year by year. The ugly towns did not attempt to hide their squalor, when dirt was such a natural condition of life that a knight would dwell boastfully upon his contempt for cleanliness, and a beauty display hands innocent of all proper tending. The dress of the people was ill-made and scanty, lacking the severe grace of the Roman toga. Furniture was rudely hewn from wood and placed on floors which were generally uneven and covered with straw instead of being paved with tessellated marble. Yet the inward life of Europe was purer since it sought to follow the teaching of Christ, and preached universal love and a toleration that placed on the same level a mighty ruler and the lowest in his realm. Fierce spirits, unfortunately, sometimes forgot the truth and gave themselves up to a cruel lust for persecution which was at variance with their creed, but the holiest now condemned warfare and praised the virtues of obedience and self-sacrifice. {11} {10} Whereas pagan Greek and Rome had searched for beauty upon earth, it was the dreary belief of the Middle Ages that the world was a place where only misery could be the portion of mankind, who were bidden to look to another life for happiness and pleasure. Sinners hurried from temptation into monasteries, which were founded for the purpose of enabling men to prepare for eternity. Family life was broken up and all the pleasant intercourse of social habits. Marriage was a snare, and even the love of parents might prove dangerous to the devoted monk. Strange was the isolation of the hermit who refused to cleanse himself or change his clothes, desiring above all other things to attain to that blessed state when his soul should be oblivious of his body. Women also despised the claims of kindred and retired to convents where the elect were granted visions after long prayer and fasting. The nun knelt on the bare stone floor of her cell, awaiting the ecstasy that would descend on her. When it had gone again she was nigh to death, faint and weary, yet compelled to struggle onward till her earthly life came to an end. The Crusades, or Wars of the Cross, had roused Europe from a state of most distressful bondage. Ignorance and barbarism were shot with gleams of spiritual light even after the vast armies were sent forth to wrest the possession of Jerusalem from the infidels. Shameful stories of the treatment of pilgrims to the Holy Sepulchre had moved the hearts of kings and princes to a passionate indignation. Valour became the highest, and all men were eager to be ranked with Crusaders—those soldiers of heroic courage whose cause was Christianity and its defence. At the close of the tenth century there were innumerable pilgrims travelling toward the Holy Land, for it had been prophesied that in the year A.D. 1000 the end of the world would come, when it would be well for those within Jerusalem, the City of the Saviour. The inhuman conduct of the Turk was resented violently, because it would keep many a sinner from salvation; and the dangerous journey to the East was held to atone for the gravest crimes. After the first disasters in which so many Crusaders fell before they reached their destination, Italy especially began to benefit by these wars. It was considered safer to reach Jerusalem by sea, boarding the vessels in Italian ports, which were owned and equipped by Italian merchants. Venice, Pisa, and Genoa gradually assumed the trade of ancient Constantinople, once without rival on the southern sea. Constantinople was a city of wonder to the ignorant fighting men from other lands, who had never dreamed of a civilization so complete as that which she possessed. Awed by elegance and luxury, they returned to their homes with a sense of inferiority. They had met and fought side by side with warriors of such polished manners that they felt ashamed of their own brutal ways. They had seen strange costumes and listened to strange tongues. Henceforth no nation of Europe could be entirely indifferent to the fact that there was a world without. The widowed and desolate were not comforted by the knowledge which the returned Crusader delighted to impart. They had been sacrificed to the pride which led husbands and fathers to sell their estates and squander vast sums of money, that they might equip a band of followers to lead in triumph to the Holy Wars. The complaints of starving women led to the collection of much gold and silver by Lambert Le Bègue, "the stammering priest." He built a number of small houses to be inhabited by the Order of Bèguines, a new sisterhood who did not sever themselves entirely from the world, but lived in peaceful retirement, occupied by spinning and weaving all day long. The Beghards, or Weaving Brothers, took pattern by this busy guild of workers and followed the same rules of simple piety. They were fond of religious discussion, and were mystics. They enjoyed the approval of Rome until the new orders were established of Saint Francis and Saint Dominic. In the twelfth century religion was drawing nearer to humanity and the needs of earth. The new orders, therefore, tried to bridge the gulf between the erring and the saintly, forbidding their brethren to seclude themselves from other men. A healthy reaction was taking place from {12} {13} the old idea that the religious life meant a withdrawal from the temptations of the world. St Dominic, born in Spain in 1170, was the founder of "the Order of Preaching Monks for the conversion of heretics." The first aim