History of the United States

Mary Ritter Beard, Charles A. (Charles Austin) Beard

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• Publié par: uftya
• Publié le: 08 décembre 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 50
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 42 Mo

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Title: History of the United States

Author: Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard

Release Date: October 28, 2005 [EBook #16960]

Language: English

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HISTORY

OF THE

UNITED STATES

BY

CHARLES A. BEARD

AND

MARY R. BEARD

New York THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1921 All rights reserved

C O PYRIG HT , 1921, B Y THE MACMILLAN COMPANY. Set up and electrotyped. Published March, 1921. Norwood Press J.S. Cushing Co.—Berwick & Smith Co. N O RWO O D , M ASS ., U.S.A.

PREFACE

As things now stand, the course of instruction in A merican history in our public schools embraces three distinct treatments o f the subject. Three separate books are used. First, there is the primary book, which is usually a very condensed narrative with emphasis on biographi es and anecdotes. Second, there is the advanced text for the seventh or eighth grade, generally speaking, an expansion of the elementary book by the addition of forty or fifty thousand words. Finally, there is the high school manual. This, too, ordinarily follows the beaten path, giving fuller accounts of the same events and characters. To put it bluntly, we do not assume tha t our children obtain permanent possessions from their study of history i n the lower grades. If mathematicians followed the same method, high school texts on algebra and geometry would include the multiplication table and fractions.

There is, of course, a ready answer to the criticism advanced above. It is that teachers have learned from bitter experience how little history their pupils retain as they pass along the regular route. No teacher of history will deny this. Still it is a standing challenge to existing methods of historical instruction. If the study of history cannot be made truly progressive like th e study of mathematics, science, and languages, then the historians assume a grave responsibility in adding their subject to the already overloaded curriculum. If the successive historical texts are only enlarged editions of the first text—more facts, more dates, more words—then history deserves most of the sharp criticism which it is receiving from teachers of science, civics, and economics.

In this condition of affairs we find our justification for offering a new high school text in American history. Our first contribution is one of omission. The time-honored stories of exploration and the biographies of heroes are left out. We frankly hold that, if pupils know little or nothing about Columbus, Cortes, Magellan, or Captain John Smith by the time they reach the high school, it is useless to tell the same stories for perhaps the fourth time. It is worse than useless. It is an offense against the teachers of those subjects that are demonstrated to be progressive in character.

In the next place we have omitted all descriptions of battles. Our reasons for this are simple. The strategy of a campaign or of a single battle is a highly technical, and usually a highly controversial, matter about which experts differ widely. In the field of military and naval operations most writers and teachers of historymere novices. To dis are pose of Gettysburgthe Wilderness in ten or

lines or ten pages is equally absurd to the serious student of military affairs. Any one who compares the ordinary textbook account of a single Civil War campaign with the account given by Ropes, for instance, will ask for no further comment. No youth called upon to serve our country in arms would think of turning to a high school manual for information about the art of warfare. The dramatic scene or episode, so useful in arousing the interest of the immature pupil, seems out of place in a book that deliberately appeals to boys and girls on the very threshold of life's serious responsibilities.

It is not upon negative features, however, that we rest our case. It is rather upon constructive features.

First.We have written a topical, not a narrative, history. We have tried to set forth the important aspects, problems, and movements of each period, bringing in the narrative rather by way of illustration.

Second.We have emphasized those historical topics which help to explain how our nation has come to be what it is to-day.

Third.have dwelt fully upon the social and economic a spects of our We history, especially in relation to the politics of each period.

Fourth.e problems ofhave treated the causes and results of wars, th  We financing and sustaining armed forces, rather than military strategy. These are the subjects which belong to a history for civilians. These are matters which civilians can understand—matters which they must understand, if they are to play well their part in war and peace.

Fifth.By omitting the period of exploration, we have been able to enlarge the treatment of our own time. We have given special attention to the history of those current questions which must form the subject matter of sound instruction in citizenship.

Sixth.niquehave borne in mind that America, with all her u  We characteristics, is a part of a general civilization. Accordingly we have given diplomacy, foreign affairs, world relations, and th e reciprocal influences of nations their appropriate place.

Seventh.We have deliberately aimed at standards of maturity. The study of a mere narrative calls mainly for the use of the me mory. We have aimed to stimulate habits of analysis, comparison, associati on, reflection, and generalization—habits calculated to enlarge as well as inform the mind. We have been at great pains to make our text clear, simple, and direct; but we have earnestly sought to stretch the intellects of our readers—to put them upon their mettle. Most of them will receive the last of their formal instruction in the high school. The world will soon expect maturity from them. Their achievements will depend upon the possession of other powers than mem ory alone. The effectiveness of their citizenship in our republic will be measured by the excellence of their judgment as well as the fullness of their information.

N EW Y O RK C ITY , February 8, 1921.

C.A.B. M.R.B.

A SMALL LIBRARY IN AMERICAN HISTORY

SINGLE VOLUMES:

BASSETT, J.S.A Short History of the United States ELSON, H.W.History of the United States of America

SERIES:

"E PO CHSO F A MERICAN H ISTO RY ," EDITEDBY A.B. H ART

HART, A.B.Formation of the Union THWAITES, R.G.The Colonies WILSON, WOODROW.Division and Reunion

"R IVERSIDE S ERIES ," EDITEDBY W.E. D O DD

BECKER, C.L.Beginnings of the American People DODD, W.E.Expansion and Conflict JOHNSON, A.Union and Democracy PAXSON, F.L.The New Nation

CONTENTS

PART I. THE COLONIAL PERIOD CHAPTER I. T HE G REAT M IG RATIO NTO A MERICA The Agencies of American Colonization The Colonial Peoples The Process of Colonization II. C O LO NIAL A G RICULTURE , I NDUSTRY , AND C O MMERCE The Land and the Westward Movement Industrial and Commercial Development III. S O CIALAND P O LITICAL P RO G RESS The Leadership of the Churches Schools and Colleges The Colonial Press The Evolution in Political Institutions IV. T HE D EVELO PMENTO F C O LO NIAL N ATIO NALISM Relations with the Indians and the French The Effects of Warfare on the Colonies Colonial Relations with the British Government

PAG E 1 2 6 12 20 20 28 38 39 43 46 48 56 57 61 64

Summary of Colonial Period

PART II. CONFLICT AND INDEPENDENCE V. T HE N EW C O URSEIN B RITISH I MPERIAL P O LICY George III and His System George III's Ministers and Their Colonial Policies Colonial Resistance Forces Repeal Resumption of British Revenue and Commercial Policies Renewed Resistance in America Retaliation by the British Government From Reform to Revolution in America VI. T HE A MERICAN R EVO LUTIO N Resistance and Retaliation American Independence The Establishment of Government and the New Allegiance Military Affairs The Finances of the Revolution The Diplomacy of the Revolution Peace at Last Summary of the Revolutionary Period

PART III. FOUNDATIONS OF THE UNION AND NATIONAL POLITICS VII. T HE F O RMATIO NO FTHE C O NSTITUTIO N The Promise and the Difficulties of America The Calling of a Constitutional Convention The Framing of the Constitution The Struggle over Ratification VIII. T HE C LASHO F P O LITICAL P ARTIES The Men and Measures of the New Government The Rise of Political Parties Foreign Influences and Domestic Politics IX. T HE J EFFERSO NIAN R EPUBLICANSIN P O WER Republican Principles and Policies The Republicans and the Great West The Republican War for Commercial Independence The Republicans Nationalized The National Decisions of Chief Justice Marshall Summary of Union and National Politics

PART IV. THE WEST AND JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY X. T HE F ARMERSBEYO NDTHE A PPALACHIANS

73

77 77 79 83

87

90 93 95 99 99 101

108

116 125 127 132 135

139 139 143 146 157 162 162 168 171 186 186 188 193 201 208 212

217

Preparation for Western Settlement The Western Migration and New States The Spirit of the Frontier The West and the East Meet XI. J ACKSO NIAN D EMO CRACY The Democratic Movement in the East The New Democracy Enters the Arena The New Democracy at Washington The Rise of the Whigs The Interaction of American and European Opinion XII. T HE M IDDLE B O RDERANDTHE G REAT W EST The Advance of the Middle Border On to the Pacific—Texas and the Mexican War The Pacific Coast and Utah Summary of Western Development and National Politics

PART V. SECTIONAL CONFLICT AND RECONSTRUCTION XIII. T HE R ISEO FTHE I NDUSTRIAL S YSTEM The Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution and National Politics XIV. T HE P LANTING S YSTEMAND N ATIO NAL P O LITICS Slavery—North and South Slavery in National Politics The Drift of Events toward the Irrepressible Conflict XV. T HE C IVIL W ARAND R ECO NSTRUCTIO N The Southern Confederacy The War Measures of the Federal Government The Results of the Civil War Reconstruction in the South Summary of the Sectional Conflict

PART VI. NATIONAL GROWTH AND WORLD POLITICS XVI. T HE P O LITICALAND E CO NO MIC E VO LUTIO NO FTHE S O UTH The South at the Close of the War The Restoration of White Supremacy The Economic Advance of the South XVII. B USINESS E NTERPRISEANDTHE R EPUBLICAN P ARTY Railways and Industry The Supremacy of the Republican Party (1861-1885) The Growth of Opposition to Republican Rule XVIII. T HE D EVELO PMENTO FTHE G REAT W EST The Railways as Trail Blazers The Evolution of Grazing and Agriculture Mining and Manufacturing in the West

217 221 228 230 238 238 244 250 260 265 271 271 276 284

292

295 296 307 316 316 324 332 344 344 350 365 370 375

379 379 382 389 401 401 412 417 425 425 431 436

The Admission of New States The Influence of the Far West on National Life XIX. D O MESTIC I SSUESBEFO RETHE C O UNTRY (1865-1897) The Currency Question The Protective Tariff and Taxation The Railways and Trusts The Minor Parties and Unrest The Sound Money Battle of 1896 Republican Measures and Results XX. A MERICAA W O RLD P O WER (1865-1900) American Foreign Relations (1865-1898) Cuba and the Spanish War American Policies in the Philippines and the Orient Summary of National Growth and World Politics

PART VII. PROGRESSIVE DEMOCRACY AND THE WORLD WAR XXI. T HE E VO LUTIO NO F R EPUBLICAN P O LICIES (1901-1913) Foreign Affairs Colonial Administration The Roosevelt Domestic Policies Legislative and Executive Activities The Administration of President Taft Progressive Insurgency and the Election of 1912 XXII. T HE S PIRITO F R EFO RMIN A MERICA An Age of Criticism Political Reforms Measures of Economic Reform XXIII. T HE N EW P O LITICAL D EMO CRACY The Rise of the Woman Movement The National Struggle for Woman Suffrage XXIV. I NDUSTRIAL D EMO CRACY Coöperation between Employers and Employees The Rise and Growth of Organized Labor The Wider Relations of Organized Labor Immigration and Americanization XXV. P RESIDENT W ILSO NANDTHE W O RLD W AR Domestic Legislation Colonial and Foreign Policies The United States and the European War The United States at War The Settlement at Paris Summary of Democracy and the World War A PPENDIX A T O PICAL S YLLABUS

440 443 451 452 459 460 462 466 472 477 478 485 497 504

507 508 515 519 523 527 530 536 536 538 546 554 555 562 570 571 575 577 582 588 588 592 596 604 612 620 627 645

I NDEX

MAPS

The Original Grants (color map)Facing German and Scotch-Irish Settlements Distribution of Population in 1790 English, French, and Spanish Possessions in America, 1750 Facing (color map) The Colonies at the Time of the Declaration of Independence Facing (color map) North America according to the Treaty of 1783 (color map)Facing The United States in 1805 (color map)Facing Roads and Trails into Western Territory (color map)Facing The Cumberland Road Distribution of Population in 1830 Texas and the Territory in Dispute The Oregon Country and the Disputed Boundary The Overland Trails Distribution of Slaves in Southern States The Missouri Compromise Slave and Free Soil on the Eve of the Civil War The United States in 1861 (color map)Facing Railroads of the United States in 1918 The United States in 1870 (color map)Facing The United States in 1912 (color map)Facing American Dominions in the Pacific (color map)Facing The Caribbean Region (color map)Facing Battle Lines of the Various Years of the World War

655

PAG E 4 8 27 59 108 134 193 224 233 235 282 285 287 323 326 335 345 405 427 443 500 592 613 Europe in 1919 (color map)Between618-619

ILLUSTRATIONS

T HE N ATIO NSO FTHE W EST J O HN W INTHRO P , G O VERNO RO FTHE M ASSACHUSETTS B AY C O MPANY W ILLIAM P ENN , P RO PRIETO RO F P ENNSYLVANIA A G LIMPSEO F O LD G ERMANTO WN O LD D UTCH F O RTAND E NG LISH C HURCH N EAR A LBANY S O UTHERN P LANTATIO N M ANSIO N A N EW E NG LAND F ARMHO USE

D O MESTIC I NDUSTRY : D IPPING T ALLO W C ANDLES T HE D UTCH W EST I NDIA W AREHO USEIN N EW A MSTERDAM (N EW Y O RK C ITY ) A P AG EFRO MA F AMO US S CHO O LBO O K T HE R O YAL G O VERNO R ' S P ALACEAT N EW B ERNE V IRG INIANS D EFENDING T HEMSELVESAG AINSTTHE I NDIANS B RADDO CK ' S R ETREAT B ENJAMIN F RANKLIN G EO RG E III P ATRICK H ENRY S AMUEL A DAMS S PIRITO F 1776 T HO MAS P AINE T HO MAS J EFFERSO N R EADING H IS D RAFTO FTHE D ECLARATIO N M O BBINGTHE T O RIES G EO RG E W ASHING TO N R O BERT M O RRIS A LEXANDER H AMILTO N

A N A DVERTISEMENTO F The Federalist C ELEBRATINGTHE R ATIFICATIO N F IRST U NITED S TATES B ANKAT P HILADELPHIA L O UIS XVI INTHE H ANDSO FTHE M O B A Q UARRELBETWEENA F EDERALISTANDA R EPUBLICAN N EW E NG LAND J UMPINGINTOTHE H ANDSO F G EO RG E III J O HN M ARSHALL A L O G C ABIN —L INCO LN ' S B IRTHPLACE A N E ARLY M ISSISSIPPI S TEAMBO AT T HO MAS D O RR A RO USING H IS F O LLO WERS A NDREW J ACKSO N D ANIEL W EBSTER A N O LD C ARTO O N R IDICULING C LAY ' S T ARIFF S ANTA B ARBARA M ISSIO N S AN F RANCISCOIN 1849 A N EW E NG LAND M ILL B UILTIN 1793 A N E ARLY R AILWAY L O WELL , M ASSACHUSETTS , IN 1838 J O HN C. C ALHO UN H ENRY C LAY A N O LD C ARTO O N R EPRESENTING W EBSTER "S TEALING C LAY ' S T HUNDER " H ARRIET B EECHER S TO WE J EFFERSO N D AVIS T HE D RAFT R IO TSIN N EW Y O RK C ITY A B LO CKADE R UNNER

J O HN B RIG HT W ILLIAM H. S EWARD A BRAHAM L INCO LN G ENERAL U LYSSES S. G RANT G ENERAL R O BERT E. L EE T HE F EDERAL M ILITARY H O SPITALAT G ETTYSBURG S TEEL M ILLS —B IRMING HAM , A LABAMA A S O UTHERN C O TTO N M ILLINA C O TTO N F IELD A G LIMPSEO F M EMPHIS , T ENNESSEE A C O RNERINTHE B ETHLEHEM S TEEL W O RKS J O HN D. R O CKEFELLER W ALL S TREET , N EW Y O RK C ITY A T O WNO NTHE P RAIRIE L O G G ING T HE C ANADIAN B UILDING C O MMO DO RE P ERRY ' S M EN M AKING P RESENTSTOTHE J APANESE W ILLIAM J. B RYANIN 1898 P RESIDENT M C K INLEYAND H IS C ABINET G RO VER C LEVELAND A NO LDCARTO O N .A S IG HT T O O B AD C UBAN R EVO LUTIO NISTS A P HILIPPINE H O ME R O O SEVELT T ALKINGTOTHE E NG INEERO FA R AILRO AD T RAIN P ANAMA C ANAL A S UG AR M ILL , P O RTO R ICO M R T AFTINTHE P HILIPPINES T HE R O O SEVELT D AM , P HO ENIX , A RIZO NA A N E AST S IDE S TREETIN N EW Y O RK A BIG AIL A DAMS S USAN B. A NTHO NY C O NFERENCEO F M ENAND W O MEN D ELEG ATES S AMUEL G O MPERSAND O THER L ABO R L EADERS T HE L AUNCHINGO FA S HIPATTHE G REAT N AVAL Y ARDS , N EWARK , N.J. T RO O PS R ETURNINGFRO M F RANCE P REMIERS L LO YD G EO RG E , O RLANDOAND C LÉMENCEAUAND P RESIDENT W ILSO NAT P ARIS

"T HE N ATIO NSO FTHE W EST " (popularly called "The Pioneers"), designed by A. Stirling Calder and modeled by Mr. Calder, F.G.R. Roth, and Leo Lentelli, topped the Arch of the Setting Sun at the Panama-Pacific Exposition held at San Francisco in 1915. Facing the Court of the Universe moves a group of men and women typical