Leviathan

Thomas Hobbes

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• Publié par: thioh
• Publié le: 08 décembre 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 125
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

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The Project Gutenberg EBook of Leviathan, by Thomas Hobbes

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Title: Leviathan

Author: Thomas Hobbes

Release Date: October 11, 2009 [EBook #3207]

Language: English

Character set encoding: ASCII

*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LEVIATHAN ***

Produced by Edward White, and David Widger

LEVIATHAN

By Thomas Hobbes

1651

LEVIATHAN OR THE MATTER, FORME, & POWER OF A COMMON-WEALTH ECCLESIASTICAL AND CIVILL

Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury

Printed for Andrew Crooke, at the Green Dragon in St. Paul's Churchyard, 1651.

TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES ON THE E-TEXT:

This E-text was prepared from the Pelican Classics edition of Leviathan, which in turn was prepared from the first edition. I have tried to follow as closely as possible the original, and to give the flavour of the text that Hobbes himself proof-read, but the following differences were unavoidable.

Hobbes used capitals and italics very extensively, for emphasis, for proper names, for quotations, and sometimes, it seems, just because.

The original has very extensive margin notes, which are used to show where he introduces the definitions of words and concepts, to give in short the subject that a paragraph or section is dealing with, and to give references to his quotations, largely but not exclusively biblical. To some degree, these margin notes seem to have been intended to serve in place of an index, the original having none. They are all in italics.

He also used italics for words in other languages than English, and there are a number of Greek words, in the Greek alphabet, in the text.

To deal with these within the limits of plain vanilla ASCII, I have done the following in this E-text.

I have restricted my use of full capitalization to those places where Hobbes used it, except in the chapter headings, which I have fully capitalized, where Hobbes used a mixture of full capitalization and italics.

Where it is clear that the italics are to indicate the text is quoting, I have introduced quotation marks. Within quotation marks I have retained the capitalization that Hobbes used.

Where italics seem to be used for emphasis, or for proper names, or just because, I have capitalized the initial letter of the words. This has the disadvantage that they are not then distinguished from those that Hobbes capitalized in plain text, but the extent of his italics would make the text very ugly if I was to use an underscore or slash.

Where the margin notes are either to introduce the paragraph subject, or to show where he introduces word definitions, I have included them as headers to the paragraph, again with all words having initial capitals, and on a shortened line.

For margin references to quotes, I have included them in the text, in brackets immediately next to the quotation. Where Hobbes included references in the main text, I have left them as he put them, except to change his square brackets to round.

For the Greek alphabet, I have simply substituted the nearest ordinary letters that I can, and I have used initial capitals for foreign language words.

Neither Thomas Hobbes nor his typesetters seem to have had many inhibitions about spelling and punctuation. I have tried to reproduce both exactly, with the exception of the introduction of quotation marks.

In preparing the text, I have found that it has much more meaning if I read it with sub-vocalization, or aloud, rather than trying to read silently. Hobbes' use of emphasis and his eccentric punctuation and construction seem then to work.

TO MY MOST HONOR'D FRIEND Mr. FRANCIS GODOLPHIN of GODOLPHIN

HONOR'D SIR.

Your most worthy Brother Mr SIDNEY GODOLPHIN, when he lived, was pleas'd to think my studies something, and otherwise to oblige me, as you know, with reall testimonies of his good opinion, great in themselves, and the greater for the worthinesse of his person. For there is not any vertue that disposeth a man, either to the service of God, or to the service of his Country, to Civill Society, or private Friendship, that did not manifestly appear in his conversation, not as acquired by necessity, or affected upon occasion, but inhaerent, and shining in a generous constitution of his nature. Therefore in honour and gratitude to him, and with devotion to your selfe, I humbly Dedicate unto you this my discourse of Common-wealth. I know not how the world will receive it, nor how it may reflect on those that shall seem to favour it. For in a way beset with those that contend on one side for too great Liberty, and on the other side for too much Authority, 'tis hard to passe between the points of both unwounded. But yet, me thinks, the endeavour to advance the Civill Power, should not be by the Civill Power condemned; nor private men, by

reprehending it, declare they think that Power too great. Besides, I speak not of the men, but (in the Abstract) of the Seat of Power, (like to those simple and unpartiall creatures in the Roman Capitol, that with their noyse defended those within it, not because they were they, but there) offending none, I think, but those without, or such within (if there be any such) as favour them. That which perhaps may most offend, are certain Texts of Holy Scripture, alledged by me to other purpose than ordinarily they use to be by others. But I have done it with due submission, and also (in order to my Subject) necessarily; for they are the Outworks of the Enemy, from whence they impugne the Civill Power. If notwithstanding this, you find my labour generally decryed, you may be pleased to excuse your selfe, and say that I am a man that love my own opinions, and think all true I say, that I honoured your Brother, and honour you, and have presum'd on that, to assume the Title (without your knowledge) of being, as I am,

Sir,

Your most humble, and most obedient servant, Thomas Hobbes.

Paris APRILL 15/25 1651.

THE INTRODUCTION

PART 1 OF MAN

CHAPTER I. OF SENSE

Contents

CHAPTER II. OF IMAGINATION

Memory

Dreams

Apparitions Or Visions

Understanding

CHAPTER III. OF THE CONSEQUENCE OR TRAYNE OF IMAGINATIONS

Trayne Of Thoughts Unguided

Trayne Of Thoughts Regulated

Remembrance

Prudence

Signes

Conjecture Of The Time Past

CHAPTER IV. OF SPEECH

Originall Of Speech

The Use Of Speech

Abuses Of Speech

Names Proper & Common Universall

Subject To Names

Use Of Names Positive

Negative Names With Their Uses

Words Insignificant

Understanding

Inconstant Names

CHAPTER V. OF REASON, AND SCIENCE.

Reason What It Is

Reason Defined

Right Reason Where

The Use Of Reason

Of Error And Absurdity

Causes Of Absurditie

Science

Prudence & Sapience, With Their Difference

Signes Of Science

CHAPTER VI. OF THE INTERIOUR BEGINNINGS OF VOLUNTARY MOTIONS

Motion Vitall And Animal

Endeavour; Appetite; Desire; Hunger; Thirst; Aversion

Contempt

Good Evill

Pulchrum Turpe; Delightfull Profitable; Unpleasant Unprofitable

Delight Displeasure

Pleasure Offence

Pleasures Of Sense; Pleasures Of The Mind; Joy Paine Griefe

The Will

Formes Of Speech, In Passion

Good And Evill Apparent

Felicity

Praise Magnification

CHAPTER VII. OF THE ENDS OR RESOLUTIONS OF DISCOURSE

Judgement, or Sentence Final; Doubt

Science Opinion Conscience

Beliefe Faith

CHAPTER VIII. OF THE VERTUES COMMONLY CALLED INTELLECTUAL;

Intellectuall Vertue Defined

Wit, Naturall, Or Acquired

Good Wit, Or Fancy; Good Judgement; Discretion

Prudence

Craft

Acquired Wit

Giddinesse Madnesse

Rage

Melancholy

Insignificant Speech

CHAPTER IX. OF THE SEVERALL SUBJECTS OF KNOWLEDGE

CHAPTER X. OF POWER, WORTH, DIGNITY, HONOUR AND WORTHINESS

Power

Worth

Dignity

To Honour and Dishonour

Titles of Honour

Worthinesse Fitnesse

CHAPTER XI. OF THE DIFFERENCE OF MANNERS

What Is Here Meant By Manners

A Restlesse Desire Of Power, In All Men

Love Of Contention From Competition

Civil Obedience From Love Of Ease

From Feare Of Death Or Wounds

And From Love Of Arts

Love Of Vertue, From Love Of Praise

Hate, From Difficulty Of Requiting Great Benefits

And From Conscience Of Deserving To Be Hated

Promptnesse To Hurt, From Fear

And From Distrust Of Their Own Wit

Vain Undertaking From Vain-glory

Ambition, From Opinion Of Sufficiency

Irresolution, From Too Great Valuing Of Small Matters

And From The Ignorance Of Naturall Causes

And From Want Of Understanding

Credulity From Ignorance Of Nature

Curiosity To Know, From Care Of Future Time

Naturall Religion, From The Same

CHAPTER XII. OF RELIGION

Religion, In Man Onely

First, From His Desire Of Knowing Causes

From The Consideration Of The Beginning Of Things

From His Observation Of The Sequell Of Things

Which Makes Them Fear The Power Of Invisible Things

And Suppose Them Incorporeall

But Know Not The Way How They Effect Anything

But Honour Them As They Honour Men

And Attribute To Them All Extraordinary Events

Foure Things, Naturall Seeds Of Religion

Made Different By Culture

The Absurd Opinion Of Gentilisme

The Causes Of Change In Religion

Injoyning Beleefe Of Impossibilities

Doing Contrary To The Religion They Establish

Want Of The Testimony Of Miracles

CHAPTER XIII. OF THE NATURALL CONDITION OF MANKIND,

From Equality Proceeds Diffidence

From Diffidence Warre

Out Of Civil States,

The Incommodites Of Such A War

In Such A Warre, Nothing Is Unjust

The Passions That Incline Men To Peace

CHAPTER XIV. OF THE FIRST AND SECOND NATURALL LAWES, AND OF CONTRACTS

Right Of Nature What

Liberty What

A Law Of Nature What

Naturally Every Man Has Right To Everything

The Fundamental Law Of Nature

The Second Law Of Nature

What it is to lay down a Right

Renouncing (or) Transferring Right What; Obligation Duty Justice

Not All Rights Are Alienable

Contract What

Covenant What

Free-gift

Signes Of Contract Expresse

Signes Of Contract By Inference

Free Gift Passeth By Words Of The Present Or Past

Merit What

Covenants Of Mutuall Trust, When Invalid

Right To The End, Containeth Right To The Means

No Covenant With Beasts

Nor With God Without Speciall Revelation

No Covenant, But Of Possible And Future

Covenants How Made Voyd

Covenants Extorted By Feare Are Valide

The Former Covenant To One, Makes Voyd The Later To Another

A Mans Covenant Not To Defend Himselfe, Is Voyd

No Man Obliged To Accuse Himselfe

The End Of An Oath; The Forme Of As Oath

No Oath, But By God

An Oath Addes Nothing To The Obligation

CHAPTER XV. OF OTHER LAWES OF NATURE

The Third Law Of Nature, Justice

Justice And Injustice What

Justice Not Contrary To Reason

Covenants Not Discharged By The Vice Of The Person To Whom Made

Justice Of Men, And Justice Of Actions What

Justice Of Manners, And Justice Of Actions

Nothing Done To A Man, By His Own Consent Can Be Injury

Justice Commutative, And Distributive

The Fourth Law Of Nature, Gratitude

The Fifth, Mutuall accommodation, or Compleasance

The Sixth, Facility To Pardon

The Seventh, That In Revenges, Men Respect Onely The Future Good

The Eighth, Against Contumely

The Ninth, Against Pride

The Tenth Against Arrogance

The Eleventh Equity

The Twelfth, Equall Use Of Things Common

The Thirteenth, Of Lot

The Fourteenth, Of Primogeniture, And First Seising

The Fifteenth, Of Mediators

The Sixteenth, Of Submission To Arbitrement

The Seventeenth, No Man Is His Own Judge

The Eighteenth, No Man To Be Judge, That Has In Him Cause Of Partiality

The Nineteenth, Of Witnesse

A Rule, By Which The Laws Of Nature May Easily Be Examined

The Lawes Of Nature Oblige In Conscience Alwayes,

The Laws Of Nature Are Eternal;

And Yet Easie

The Science Of These Lawes, Is The True Morall Philosophy

CHAPTER XVI. OF PERSONS, AUTHORS, AND THINGS PERSONATED

Person Naturall, And Artificiall

The Word Person, Whence

Actor, Author; Authority

Covenants By Authority, Bind The Author

But Not The Actor

The Authority Is To Be Shewne

Things Personated, Inanimate

Irrational

False Gods

The True God

A Multitude Of Men, How One Person

Every One Is Author

An Actor May Be Many Men Made One By Plurality Of Voyces

Representatives, When The Number Is Even, Unprofitable

Negative Voyce

PART II. OF COMMON-WEALTH

CHAPTER XVII. OF THE CAUSES, GENERATION, AND DEFINITION OF A

The End Of Common-wealth, Particular Security

Which Is Not To Be Had From The Law Of Nature:

Nor From The Conjunction Of A Few Men Or Familyes

Nor From A Great Multitude, Unlesse Directed By One Judgement

And That Continually

Why Certain Creatures Without Reason, Or Speech,

Do Neverthelesse Live In Society, Without Any Coercive Power

The Generation Of A Common-wealth

The Definition Of A Common-wealth

Soveraigne, And Subject, What

CHAPTER XVIII. OF THE RIGHTS OF SOVERAIGNES BY INSTITUTION

The Act Of Instituting A Common-wealth, What

The Consequences To Such Institution, Are

I. The Subjects Cannot Change The Forme Of Government

From this Institution of a Common-wealth are derived all the Rights, and

2. Soveraigne Power Cannot Be Forfeited

3. No Man Can Without Injustice Protest Against The

4. The Soveraigns Actions Cannot Be Justly Accused By The Subject

5. What Soever The Soveraigne Doth, Is Unpunishable By The Subject

6. The Soveraigne Is Judge Of What Is Necessary For The Peace

And Judge Of What Doctrines Are Fit To Be Taught Them

7. The Right Of Making Rules, Whereby The Subject May

8. To Him Also Belongeth The Right Of All Judicature

9. And Of Making War, And Peace, As He Shall Think Best:

10. And Of Choosing All Counsellours, And Ministers,

11. And Of Rewarding, And Punishing, And That (Where No

12. And Of Honour And Order

These Rights Are Indivisible

And Can By No Grant Passe Away Without Direct

The Power And Honour Of Subjects Vanisheth In The Presence

Soveraigne Power Not Hurtfull As The Want Of It,