Life of John Keats

William Michael Rossetti

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• Publié par: sokep
• Publié le: 08 décembre 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 19
• Langue: English

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Project Gutenberg's Life of John Keats, by William Michael Rossetti This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net Title: Life of John Keats Author: William Michael Rossetti Release Date: March 18, 2010 [EBook #31682] Language: English Character set encoding: UTF-8 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIFE OF JOHN KEATS *** Produced by Jonathan Ingram and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net LIFE OF JOHN KEATS. BY WILLIAM MICHAEL ROSSETTI. LONDON WALTER SCOTT 24 WARWICK LANE, PATERNOSTER ROW 1887 (All rights reserved.) CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. Keats’s grandfather Jennings; his father and mother; Keats born in London, October 31, 1795; his brothers and sister; goes to the school of John Clarke at Enfield, and is tutored by Charles Cowden Clarke; death of his parents; is apprenticed to a surgeon, Hammond; leaves Hammond, and studies surgery; reads Spenser, and takes to poetry; his literary acquaintances—Leigh Hunt, Haydon, J. Hamilton Reynolds, Dilke, &c.; Keats’s first volume, “Poems,” 1817 CHAPTER II. Keats begins “Endymion,” May 1817; his health suffers in Oxford; finishes “Endymion” in November; his friend, Charles Armitage Brown; his brother George marries and emigrates to America; Keats and Brown make a walking tour in Scotland and Ireland; returns to Hampstead, owing to a sore throat; death of his brother Tom; his description of Miss Cox (“Charmian”), and of Miss Brawne, with whom he falls in love; a difference with Haydon; visits Winchester; George Keats returns for a short while from America, but goes away again without doing anything to relieve John Keats from straits in money matters. CHAPTER III. Keats’s consumptive illness begins, February 1820; he rallies, but has a relapse in June; he stays with Leigh Hunt, and leaves him suddenly; publication of his last volume, “Lamia” &c.; returns to Hampstead before starting for Italy; his love-letters to Miss Brawne—extracts; Haydon’s last sight of him; he sails for Italy with Joseph Severn; PAGE [5] 11 23 letter to Brown; Naples and Rome; extracts from Severn’s letters; Keats dies in Rome, February 23, 1821. CHAPTER IV. Keats rhymes in infancy; his first writings, the “Imitation of Spenser,” and some sonnets; not precocious as a poet; his sonnet on Chapman’s Homer; contents of his first volume, “Poems,” 1817; Hunt’s first sight of his poems in MS.; “Sleep and Poetry,” extract regarding poetry of the Pope school, &c.; the publishers, Messrs. Ollier, give up the volume as a failure. CHAPTER V. “Endymion”; Keats’s classical predilections; extract (from “I stood tiptoe” &c.) about Diana and Endymion; details as to the composition of “Endymion,” 1817; preface to the poem; the critique in The Quarterly Review ; attack in Blackwood’s Magazine; question whether Keats broke down under hostile criticism; evidence on this subject in his own letters, and by Shelley, Lord Houghton, Haydon, Byron, Hunt, George Keats, Cowden Clarke, Severn; conclusion. CHAPTER VI. Poems included in the “Lamia” volume, 1820; “Isabella”; “The Eve of St. Agnes”; “Hyperion”; “Lamia”; five odes; other poems —sonnet on “The Nile”; “The Eve of St. Mark,” “Otho the Great,” “La Belle Dame sans Merci,” “The Cap and Bells,” final sonnet, &c.; prose writings. CHAPTER VII. Keats’s grave in Rome; projects of Brown and others for writing his Life; his brother George, and his sister, Mrs. Llanos; Miss Brawne; discussion as to Hunt’s friendship to Keats; other friends—Bailey, Haydon, Shelley. CHAPTER VIII. 40 64 73 107 118 Keats’s appearance; portraits; difficulties in estimating his character; his poetic ambition, and feeling on subjects of historical or public interest; his intensity of thought; moral tone; question as to his strength of character —Haydon’s opinion; demeanour among friends; studious resolves; suspicious tendency; his feeling toward women—poem quoted; love of flowers and music; politics; irritation against Leigh Hunt; his letters; antagonism to science; remarks on contemporary writers; axioms on poetry; self-analysis as to his perceptions as a poet; feelings as to painting; sense of humour, punning, &c.; indifference in religious matters; his sentiments as to the immortality of the soul; fondness for wine and game; summary. CHAPTER IX. Influence of Spenser discussed; flimsiness of Keats’s first volume; early sonnets; “Endymion”; Shelley’s criticisms of this poem; detailed argument of the poem; estimate of “Endymion” as to invention and execution; estimate of “Isabella”; of “The Eve of St. Agnes”; of “The Eve of St. Mark”; of “Hyperion”; of “Otho the Great”; of “Lamia”; “La Belle Dame sans Merci” quoted and estimated; Keats’s five great odes—extracts; “Beauty is truth, truth beauty”; imagination in verbal form distinctive of Keats; discussion of the term “faultless” applied to Keats; details of execution in the “Ode to a Nightingale”; other odes, sonnets, and lyrics; treatment of women in Keats’s last volume; his references to “swooning”; his sensuousness and its correlative sentiment; superiority of Shelley to Keats; final remarks as to the quality of Keats’s poetry. INDEX 124 163 211 NOTE. In all important respects I leave this brief “Life of Keats” to speak for itself. There [9] is only one point which I feel it needful to dwell upon. In the summer of 1886 I was invited to undertake a life of Keats for the present series, and I assented. Some while afterwards it was publicly announced that a life of Keats, which had been begun by Mr. Sidney Colvin long before for a different series, would be published at an early date. I read up my materials, began in March 1887 the writing of my book, finished it on June 3rd, and handed it over to the editor. On June 10th Mr. Colvin’s volume was published. I at once read it, and formed a high opinion of its merits, and I found in it some new details which could not properly be ignored by any succeeding biographer of the poet. I therefore got my MS. back, and inserted here and there such items of fresh information as were really needful for the true presentment of my subject-matter. In justice both to Mr. Colvin and to myself I drew upon his pages for only a minimum, not a maximum, of the facts which they embody; and in all matters of opinion and criticism I left my MS. exactly as it stood. The reader will thus understand that the present “Life of Keats” is, in planning, structure, execution, and estimate, entirely independent of Mr. Colvin’s; but that I have ultimately had the advantage of consulting Mr. Colvin’s book as one of my various sources of [10] information—the latest and within its own lines the completest of all. LIFE OF KEATS. [11] CHAPTER I. A truism must do duty as my first sentence. There are long lives, and there are eventful lives: there are also short lives, and uneventful ones. Keats’s life was both short and uneventful. To the differing classes of lives different modes of treatment may properly be applied by the biographer. In the case of a writer whose life was both long and eventful, I might feel disposed to carry the whole narrative forward pari passu, and to exhibit in one panorama the outward and the inward career, the incidents and the product, the doings and environment, and the writings, acting and re-acting upon one another. In the instance of Keats this does not appear to me to be the most fitting method. It may be more appropriate to apportion his Life into two sections: and to treat firstly of his general course from the cradle to the grave, and secondly of his performances in literature. The two things will necessarily overlap to some extent, but I shall keep them apart so far as may be convenient. When we have seen what he did and what he wrote, we shall be prepared to enter upon some analysis of his character and personality. This will form my third section; and in a fourth I shall [12] endeavour to estimate the quality and value of his writings, in particular and in general. Thus I address myself in the first instance to a narrative of the outer facts of his life. John Keats came of undistinguished parentage. No biographer carries his pedigree further than his maternal grandfather, or alleges that there was any trace, however faint or remote, of ancestral eminence. The maternal grandfather was a Mr. Jennings, who kept a large livery-stable, called the Swan and Hoop, in the Pavement, Moorfields, London, opposite the entrance to Finsbury Circus. The principal stableman or assistant in the business was named Thomas Keats, of Devonshire or Cornish parentage. He was a well-conducted, sensible, good-looking little man, and won the favour of Jennings’s daughter, named Frances or Fanny: they married, and this rather considerable rise in his fortunes left Keats unassuming and manly as before. He appears to have been a natural gentleman. Jennings was a prosperous tradesman, and might have died rich (his death took place in 1805) but for easy-going good-nature tending to the gullible. Mrs. Keats seems to have been in character less uniform and single-minded than her husband. She is described as passionately fond of amusement, prodigal, dotingly attached to her children, more especially John, much beloved by them in return, sensible, and at the same time saturnine in demeanour: a personable tall woman with a large oval face. Her pleasureseeking tendency probably led her into some imprudences, for her first baby, [13] John, was a seven months’ child. John Keats was born at the Moorfields place of business on the 31st of October 1795. This date of birth is established by the register of baptisms at St. Botolph’s, Bishopsgate: the date usually assigned, the 29th of October, appears to be inaccurate, though Keats himself, and others of the family, believed in it. There were t