Logic - Deductive and Inductive

Carveth Read

Informations

• Publié par: vawyor
• Publié le: 08 décembre 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 63
• Langue: English

Extrait

The Project Gutenberg EBook of Logic, by Carveth Read
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
Title: Logic
Deductive and Inductive
Author: Carveth Read
Release Date: May 23, 2006 [EBook #18440]
Language: English
Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LOGIC ***
Produced by Susan Skinner and the Online Distributed
Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
LOGIC
DEDUCTIVE AND INDUCTIVE
First Edition, June 1898. (Grant Richards.)
Second Edition, November 1901. (Grant Richards.)
Third Edition, January 1906. (A. Moring Ltd.)
Reprinted, January 1908. (A. Moring Ltd.)
Reprinted, May 1909. (A. Moring Ltd.)
Reprinted, July 1910. (A. Moring Ltd.)
Reprinted, September 1911. (A. Moring Ltd.)
Reprinted, November 1912. (A. Moring Ltd.)
Reprinted, April 1913. (A. Moring Ltd.)
Reprinted, May 1920. (Simpkin.)LOGIC
DEDUCTIVE AND INDUCTIVE
BY
CARVETH READ, M.A.
AUTHOR OF
"THE METAPHYSICS OF NATURE"
"NATURAL AND SOCIAL MORALS"
ETC.
FOURTH EDITION
ENLARGED, AND PARTLY REWRITTEN
SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO. LTD., 4 STATIONERS'
HALL COURT.
LONDON, E.C.4
[Pg v]
PREFACE
In this edition of my Logic, the text has been revised throughout, several
passages have been rewritten, and some sections added. The chief alterations
and additions occur in cc. i., v., ix., xiii., xvi., xvii., xx.
The work may be considered, on the whole, as attached to the school of Mill;
to whose System of Logic, and to Bain's Logic, it is deeply indebted. Amongst
the works of living writers, the Empirical Logic of Dr. Venn and the Formal Logic
of Dr. Keynes have given me most assistance. To some others
acknowledgments have been made as occasion arose.
For the further study of contemporary opinion, accessible in English, one may
turn to such works as Mr. Bradley's Principles of Logic, Dr. Bosanquet's Logic;
or the Morphology of Knowledge, Prof. Hobhouse's Theory of Knowledge,
Jevon's Principles of Science, and Sigwart's Logic. Ueberweg's Logic, and
History of Logical Doctrine is invaluable for the history of our subject. The
attitude toward Logic of the Pragmatists or Humanists may best be studied in
Dr. Schiller's Formal Logic, and in Mr. Alfred Sidgwick's Process of Argument
and recent Elementary Logic. The second part of this last work, on the "Risks of
Reasoning," gives an admirably succinct account of their position. I agree with
the Humanists that, in all argument, the important thing to attend to is the
meaning, and that the most serious difficulties of reasoning occur in dealing[Pg vi]with the matter reasoned about; but I find that a pure science of relation has a
necessary place in the system of knowledge, and that the formulæ known as
laws of contradiction, syllogism and causation are useful guides in the framing
and testing of arguments and experiments concerning matters of fact. Incisive
criticism of traditionary doctrines, with some remarkable reconstructions, may
be read in Dr. Mercier's New Logic.
In preparing successive editions of this book, I have profited by the
comments of my friends: Mr. Thomas Whittaker, Prof. Claude Thompson, Dr.
Armitage Smith, Mr. Alfred Sidgwick, Dr. Schiller, Prof. Spearman, and Prof.
Sully, have made important suggestions; and I might have profited more by
them, if the frame of my book, or my principles, had been more elastic.
As to the present edition, useful criticisms have been received from Mr. S.C.
Dutt, of Cotton College, Assam, and from Prof. M.A. Roy, of Midnapore; and,
especially, I must heartily thank my colleague, Dr. Wolf, for communications
that have left their impress upon nearly every chapter.
Carveth Read.
London,
August, 1914
[Pg
vii]
CONTENTS
page
Preface v

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTORY
§1. Definition of Logic 1
§2. General character of proof 2
§3. Division of the subject 5
§4. Uses of Logic 6
§5. Relation of Logic to other sciences 8
to Mathematics (p. 8); to concrete Sciences (p. 10); to Metaphysics
(p. 10); to regulative sciences (p. 11)
§6. Schools of Logicians 11
Relation to Psychology (p. 13)

CHAPTER II
GENERAL ANALYSIS OF PROPOSITIONS
§1. Propositions and Sentences 16
§2. Subject, Predicate and Copula 17
§3. Compound Propositions 17
§4. Import of Propositions 19§5. Form and Matter 22
§6. Formal and Material Logic 23
§7. Symbols used in Logic 24

CHAPTER III
OF TERMS AND THEIR DENOTATION
§1. Some Account of Language necessary 27
§2. Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 28
§3. Words are Categorematic or Syncategorematic 29
§4. Terms Concrete or Abstract 30
§5. Concrete Terms, Singular, General or Collective 33

CHAPTER IV
THE CONNOTATION OF TERMS
§1. Connotation of General Names 37
§2. Question of Proper Names 38
other Singular Names (p. 40)
§3. Question of Abstract Terms 40
§4. Univocal and Equivocal Terms 41
Connotation determined by the suppositio (p. 43)
§5. Absolute and Relative Terms 43
§6. Relation of Denotation to Connotation 46
§7. Contradictory Terms 47
§8. Positive and Negative Terms 50
Infinites; Privitives; Contraries (pp. 50-51)

CHAPTER V
CLASSIFICATION OF PROPOSITIONS
§1. As to Quantity 53
Quantity of the Predicate (p. 56)
§2. As to Quality 57
Infinite Propositions (p. 57)
§3. A. I. E. O. 58
§4. As to Relation 59
Change of Relation (p. 60); Interpretation of 'either, or' (p. 63);
Function of the hypothetical form (p. 64)
§5. As to Modality 66
§6. Verbal and Real Propositions 67
CHAPTER VI
CONDITIONS OF IMMEDIATE INFERENCE
§1. Meaning of Inference 69
§2. Immediate and Mediate Inference 70
§3. The Laws of Thought 72
§4. Identity 73
§5. Contradiction and Excluded Middle 74
§6. The Scope of Formal Inference 76

CHAPTER VII
IMMEDIATE INFERENCES
§1. Plan of the Chapter 79
§2. Subalternation 79
§3. Connotative Subalternation 80
§4. Conversion 82
Reciprocality (p. 84)
§5. Obversion 85
§6. Contrary Opposition 87
§7. Contradictory Opposition 87
§8. Sub-contrary Opposition 88
§9. The Square of Opposition 89
§10. Secondary modes of Immediate Inference 90
§11. Immediate Inferences from Conditionals 93

CHAPTER VIII
ORDER OF TERMS, EULER'S DIAGRAMS, LOGICAL EQUATIONS,
EXISTENTIAL IMPORT OF PROPOSITIONS
§1. Order of Terms in a proposition 95
§2. Euler's Diagrams 97
§3. Propositions considered as Equations 101
§4. Existential Import of Propositions 104

CHAPTER IX
FORMAL CONDITIONS OF MEDIATE INFERENCE
§1. Nature of Mediate Inference and Syllogism 107
§2. General Canons of the Syllogism 108
Definitions of Categorical Syllogism; Middle Term; Minor Term;
Major Term; Minor and Major Premise (p. 109); Illicit Process (p.
110); Distribution of the Middle (p. 110); Negative Premises (p.
112); Particular Premises (p. 113)§3. Dictum de omni et nullo 115
§4. Syllogism in relation to the Laws of Thought 116
§5. Other Kinds of Mediate Inference 118

CHAPTER X
CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISMS
§1. Illustrations of the Syllogism 121
§2. Of Figures 122
§3. Of Moods 123
§4. How valid Moods are determined 124
§5. Special Canons of the Four Figures 126
§6. Ostensive Reduction and the Mnemonic Verses 127
§7. Another version of the Mnemonic Verses 132
§8. Indirect Reduction 132
§9. Uses of the several Figures 134
§10. Scientific Value of Reduction 135
§11. Euler's Diagrams for the Syllogism 136

CHAPTER XI
ABBREVIATED AND COMPOUND ARGUMENTS
§1. Popular Arguments Informal 138
§2. The Enthymeme 139
§3. Monosyllogism, Polysyllogism, Prosyllogism, Episyllogism 141
§4. The Epicheirema 142
§5. The Sorites 142
§6. The Antinomy 145

CHAPTER XII
CONDITIONAL SYLLOGISMS
§1. The Hypothetical Syllogism 147
§2. The Disjunctive Syllogism 152
§3. The Dilemma 154

CHAPTER XIII
TRANSITION TO INDUCTION
§1. Formal Consistency and Material Truth 159
Real General Propositions assert more than has been directly
§2. 160
observed
Hence, formally, a Syllogism's Premises seem to beg the
§3. 162
ConclusionMaterially, a Syllogism turns upon the resemblance of the Minor to
§4. the Middle Term and thus extends the Major Premise to new 163
cases
§5. Restatement of the Dictum for material reasoning 165
§6. Uses of the Syllogism 167
Analysis of the Uniformity of Nature, considered as the formal
§7. 169
ground of all reasoning
§8. Grounds of our belief in Uniformity 173

CHAPTER XIV
CAUSATION
The most important asp