The Empire of Russia

John S. C. (John Stevens Cabot) Abbott

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• Publié par: entue
• Publié le: 08 décembre 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 22
• Langue: English

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The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Empire of Russia, by John S. C. Abbott

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Title: The Empire of Russia

Author: John S. C. Abbott

Release Date: March 6, 2005 [eBook #15269]

Language: English

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***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE EMPIRE OF RUSSIA***

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Transcriber's Note:

Many place names are spelled differently in differe nt locations in this book; in most cases, these variations in spelling have been retained. Typographical errors i n people's names and other words have been corrected and marked with underlining and a message that will display the original spelling in the book.

THE MONARCHIES

OF

CONTINENTAL EUROPE.

THE

EMPIRE OF RUSSIA

FROM THE

REMOTEST PERIODS TO THE PRESENT TIME.

BY

JOHN S.C. ABBOTT

BOSTON:

GRAVES AND YOUNG,

24 CORNHILL.

Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1859, by

MASO N BRO THERS,

In the Clerk's office of the District Court for the Southern District of New York.

STEREO TYPED BY T.B. SMITH & SO N 82 & 84 BEEKMAN-ST

PREFACE.

The world is now too busy to read voluminous history. The interminable details of battles, and the petty intrigues of courtiers and mistresses, have lost their interest. In this volume it has been our object to trace perspicuously the path which Russia has trod from earliest infancy to the present hour. The career of this empire has been so wild and wonderful that the historian can have no occasion to call in the aid of fancy for the embellishment of his narrative.

The author has not deemed it necessary to incumber his pages with notes to substantiate his statements. The renowned Russian historian, Karamsin, who wrote under the patronage of Alexander I., gives ample authentication to all the facts which are stated up to the reign of that emperor. His voluminous history, in classic beauty, is unsurpassed by any of the annals of Greece or Rome. It has been admirably translated into French by Messrs. St. Thomas and Jauffret in eleven imperial quarto volumes. In the critical citations of this author, the reader, curious in such researches, will find every fact in the early history of Russia, here stated, confirmed.

There are but few valuable works upon Russia in the English language. Nearly all, which can be relied upon as authorities, are w ritten either in French or German. The writer would refer those who seek a more minute acquaintance with this empire, now rising so rapidly in importance, first of all to Karamsin.

The "Histoire Philosophique et Politique de Russie Depuis les Temps les Plus Reculés Jusqu'au Nos Jours, par J. Esneaux," Paris, five volumes, is a valuable work. The "Histoire de Russie par Pierre C harles Levesque," eight volumes, is discriminating and reliable. The various volumes of William Tooke upon Russian history in general, and upon the reign of Catharine, contain much information.

It is only since the reign of Peter the Great that Russia has begun to attract much attention among the enlightened nations of Europe. Voltaire's life of this most renowned of the Russian sovereigns, at its first publication, attracted much notice. Since then, many books have been written upon fragments of Russian history and individual reigns. From most of these the author has selected such events as have appeared to him most i nstructive and best adapted to give the reader a clear conception of th e present condition and future prospects of this gigantic empire. The path she has trod, since her first emergence into civilization from the chaos of barbarism, can be very distinctly traced, and one can easily count the concentric accretions of her growth. This narrative reveals the mistakes which have overwhelmed her with woe, and the wisdom which has, at times, secured for Russia peace and prosperity.

In writing these histories of the monarchies of Continental Europe, the author has no wish to conceal his abhorrence of aristocratic usurpation. Believing in the universal brotherhood of man, his sympathies are most cordially with the oppressed masses. If the people are weak and debased, the claim is only the more urgent upon the powerful and the wise to act the part of elder brothers, holding out the helping hand to those who have fallen. The author feels grateful for the reception which the first number of this series, the Empire of Austria, has received from the American public. He hopes that this volume will not prove less interesting or instructive. In the course of a few months it will be followed by the History of Italy.

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.

PARENTAGE AND BIRTH OF RUSSIA.

F RO M 500 B.C. TO A.D. 910.

P RIMEVAL  R USSIA .—E XPLO RATIO NSO FTHE  G REEKS .—S CYTHIAN  I NVASIO N .—C HARACTER O FTHE  S CYTHIANS .—S ARMATIA .—A SSAULTS  U PO NTHE  R O MAN  E MPIRE .—I RRUPTIO NO F THE  A LAINS .—C O NQ UESTSO F  T RAJAN .—T HE  G O THICINVASIO N ,—T HE  H UNS — THEIR C HARACTERAND  A SPECT .—T HE  D EVASTATIO NSO F  A TTILA .—T HE  A VARS .—R ESULTSO F C O MMING LING SO FTHESE  T RIBES .—N O RMANS .—B IRTHO FTHE  R USSIAN  E MPIRE —T HE T HREE  S O VEREIG NS  R URIC , S INEO USAND  T RUVO R .—A DVENTURESO F  A SCO LO DAND  D IR .

—I NTRO DUCTIO NO FH C RISTIANITY .—U SURPATIO NO F —E XPEDITIO N A G AINST C O NSTANTINO PLE .

CHAPTER II.

L O EG .—H IS

O C NQ UESTS .

GROWTH AND CONSOLIDATION OF RUSSIA.

F RO M 910 TO 973.

E XPEDITIO NTO  C O NSTANTINO PLE .—T REATYWITHTHE  E MPERO R .—L AST  D AYSO F  O LEG . —H IS D EATH .—I G O R A SSUMESTHE S CEPTER .—H IS E XPEDITIO NTOTHE D O N .—D ESCENT U PO N  C O NSTANTINO PLE .—H IS  D EFEAT .—S ECO ND  E XPEDITIO N .—P USILLANIMITYO FTHE G REEKS .—D EATHO F  I G O R .—R EG ENCYO F  O LG A .—H ER  C HARACTER .—S UCCESSIO NO F S VIATO SLAF .—H IS  I MPIETYAND  A MBITIO N .—C O NQ UESTO F  B ULG ARIA .—D IVISIO NO FTHE E MPIRE .—D EFEAT , R UINAND  D EATHO F  S VIATO SLAF .—C IVIL  W AR .—D EATHO F  O LEG . —F LIG HTO F V LADIMIR .—S UPREMACYO F Y ARO PO LK .

CHAPTER III.

REIGNS OF VLADIMIR, YAROSLAF, YSIASLAF AND VSEVOLOD.

F RO M 973 TO 1092.

F LIG HTO F  V LADIMIR .—H IS  S TO LEN  B RIDE .—T HE  M ARCH  U PO N  K IEF .—D EBAUCHERYO F V LADIMIR .—Z EALO US  P AG ANISM .—I NTRO DUCTIO NO F  C HRISTIANITY .—B APTISMINTHE D NIEPER .—E NTIRE C HANG EINTHE C HARACTERO F V LADIMIR .—H IS G REAT R EFO RMS .—H IS D EATH .—U SURPATIO NO F  S VIATO PO LKTHE  M ISERABLE .—A CCESSIO NO F  Y ARO SLAF .—H IS A DMINISTRATIO NAND  D EATH .—A CCESSIO NO F  Y SIASLAF .—H IS  S TRANG E  R EVERSES ,—H IS D EATH .—V SEVO LO D A SCENDSTHE T HRO NE .—H IS T WO F LIG HTSTO P O LAND .—A PPEALSTO THE P O PE .—W ARS , F AMINEAND P ESTILENCE .—C HARACTERO F V SEVO LO D .

CHAPTER IV.

YEARS OF WAR AND WOE.

F RO M 1092 TO 1167.

C HARACTERO FS V EVO LO D .—S UCCESSIO NO FV S IATO PO LK .—H ISIS D CO MFITURE . —D EPLO RABLE  C O NDITIO NO F  R USSIA .—D EATHO F  S VIATO PO LK .—H IS  C HARACTER . —A CCESSIO NO F M O NO MAQ UE .—C URIO US F ESTIVAL A T K IEF .—E NERG YO F M O NO MAQ UE . —A LARMO FTHE  E MPERO R  A T  C O NSTANTINO PLE .—H O RRO RSO F  W AR .—D EATHO F M O NO MAQ UE .—H IS  R EMARKABLE  C HARACTER .—P IO USE L TTERO T I H S  C HILDREN . —A CCESSIO NO F  M STISLAF .—H IS  S HO RT  B UT  S TO RMY  R EIG N .—S TRUG G LES  F O RTHE T HRO NE .—F INALI V CTO RYO F  Y SIASLAF .—M O SCO WINTHE  P RO VINCEO F  S O UZDAL . —D EATHO F  Y SIASLAF .—W O NDERFUL  C AREERO F  R O STISLAF .—R ISING  P O WERO F M O SCO W .—G EO RG IEVITCH , P RINCEO F M O SCO W .

CHAPTER V.

MSTISLAF AND ANDRÉ.

F RO M 1167 TO 1212.

C ENTRALIZATIO NO FO P WERT A I K EF .—D EATHO FO R STISLAF .—H ISE R LIG IO US C HARACTER .—M STISLAF  Y SIASLAVITCH  A SCENDSTHE  T HRO NE .—P RO CLAMATIO NO FTHE K ING .—I TS  E FFECT .—P LANSO F  A NDRÉ .—S CENES  A T  K IEF .—R ETURNAND  D EATHO F M STISLAF .—W ARIN N O VG O RO D .—P EACE C O NCLUDED T HRO UG HO UT R USSIA .—I NSULTO F A NDRÉANDT I SO C NSEQ UENCES .—G REATNESSO FO S ULI D SPLAYEDY B A NDRÉ . —A SSASSINATIO NO F  A NDRÉ .—R ENEWALO F  A NARCHY .—E MIG RATIO N  F RO M  N O VG O RO D . —R EIG NO FI M CHEL .—V SEVO LO D  III.— V E ANG ELIZATIO NO F  B ULG ARIA .—D EATHO F V SEVO LO D III.—H IS Q UEEN M ARIA .

CHAPTER VI.

THE GRAND PRINCES OF VLADIMIR, AND THE INVASION OF GENGHIS KHAN.

F RO M 1212 TO 1238.

A CCESSIO NO F  G EO RG ES .—F AMINE .—B ATTLEO F  L IPETSK .—D EFEATO F  G EO RG ES .—H IS S URRENDER .—C O NSTANTIN S EIZESTHE S CEPTER .—E XPLO ITSO F M STISLAF .—I MBECILITYO F C O NSTANTIN .—D EATHO FO C NSTANTIN .—G EO RG ES  III.— N I VASIO NO FU B LG ARIA . —P RO G RESSO FTHE M O NARCHY .—R IG HTO F S UCCESSIO N .—C O MMERCEO FTHE D NIEPER . —G ENG HIS K HAN .—H IS R ISEAND C O NQ UESTS .—I NVASIO NO F S O UTHERN R USSIA .—D EATH O F  G ENG HIS  K HAN .—S UCCESSIO NO F  H IS  S O N  O UG ADAI .—M ARCHO F  B ATI .—E NTRANCE INTO R USSIA .—U TTER D EFEATO FTHE R USSIANS .

CHAPTER VII.

THE SWAY OF THE TARTAR PRINCES.

F RO M 1238 TO 1304.

R ETREATO F G EO RG ES II.—D ESO LATING M ARCHO FTHE T ARTARS .—C APTUREO F V LADIMIR . —F ALLO F M O SCO W .—U TTER D EFEATO F G EO RG ES .—C O NFLICTO F T O RJEK .—M ARCHO F THE T ARTARS T O WARDTHE S O UTH .—S UBJUG ATIO NO FTHE P O LO VTSI .—C APTUREO F K IEF . —H UMILIATIO NO F  Y ARO SLAF .—O VERTHRO WO FTHE  G AUSSIAN  K ING DO M .—H AUG HTINESS O FTHE  T ARTARS .—R EIG NO F  A LEXANDER .—S UCCESSIO NO F  Y ARO SLAF .—T HE  R EIG NO F V ASSULI .—S TATEO F  C HRISTIANITY .—I NFAMYO F  A NDRÉ .—S TRUG G LES  W ITH  D MITRI . —I NDEPENDENCEO FTHE P RINCIPALITIES .—D EATHO F A NDRÉ .

CHAPTER VIII.

RESURRECTION OF THE RUSSIAN MONARCHY.

F RO M 1304 TO 1380.

D EFEATO F G EO RG ESANDTHE T ARTARS .—I NDIG NATIO NO FTHE K HAN .—M ICHEL S UMMO NED T OTHE H O RDE .—H IS T RIALAND E XECUTIO N .—A SSASSINATIO NO F G EO RG ES .—E XECUTIO N O F D MITRI .—R EPULSEAND D EATHO FTHE E MBASSADO RO FTHE K HAN .—V ENG EANCEO FTHE K HAN .—I NCREASING  P RO SPERITYO F  R USSIA . —T HE  G REAT  P LAG UE .—S UPREMACYO F S IMO N .—A NARCHYINTHE  H O RDE .—P LAG UEAND  C O NFLAG RATIO N .—T HE  T ARTARS

R EPULSED .—R ECO NQ UESTO F  B ULG ARIA .—T HE  G REAT  B ATTLEO F  K O ULIKO F .—U TTER R O UTO FTHE T ARTARS .

CHAPTER IX.

DMITRI, VASSALI, AND THE MOGOL TAMERLANE

F RO M 1380 TO 1462.

R ECO VERYO F  D MITRI .—N EW  T ARTARINVASIO N .—T HE  A SSAULTAND  C APTUREO F M O SCO W .—N EW  S UBJUG ATIO NO FTHE  R USSIANS .—L ITHUANIA  E MBRACES  C HRISTIANITY . —E SCAPEO F V ASSALI F RO MTHE H O RDE .—D EATHO F D MITRI .—T AMERLANE —H IS O RIG IN AND  C AREER .—H ISN I VASIO NO FN I DIA .—D EFEATO F  B AJAZET .—T AMERLANEN I VADES R USSIA .—P REPARATIO NSFO R R ESISTANCE .—S UDDEN R ETREATO FTHE T ARTARS .—D EATH O F  V ASSALI .—A CCESSIO NO F  V ASSALI  V ASSILIEVITCH .—T HEI D SPUTED  S UCCESSIO N . —A PPEALTOTHEH K AN .—R EBELLIO NO FO Y URI .—C RUELTYO FA V SSALI .—T HE R ETRIBUTIO N .

CHAPTER X.

THE ILLUSTRIOUS IVAN III.

F RO M 1462 TO 1480.

I VAN  III.—H IS  P RECO CITYAND  R ISING  P O WER .—T HE  T HREE  G REAT  H O RDES .—R USSIAN E XPEDITIO N  A G AINST  K EZAN .—D EFEATO FTHE  T ARTARS .—C APTUREO F  C O NSTANTINO PLE B YTHE T URKS .—T HE P RINCESS S O PHIA .—H ER J O URNEY T O R USSIA , AND M ARRIAG E W ITH I VAN  III.—I NCREASING  R ENO WNO F  R USSIA .—N EW  D IFFICULTY  W ITHTHE  H O RDE .—T HE T ARTARSINVADE  R USSIA .—S TRIFE  O NTHE  B ANKSO FTHE  O KA .—L ETTERO FTHE M ETRO PO LITAN B ISHO P .—U NPRECEDENTED P ANIC .—L IBERATIO NO F R USSIA .

CHAPTER XI.

THE REIGN OF VASSILI.

F RO M 1480 TO 1533.

A LLIANCE W ITH H UNG ARY .—A T RAVELER F RO M G ERMANY .—T REATY B ETWEEN R USSIAAND G ERMANY .—E MBASSAG ETO  T URKEY .—C O URT  E TIQ UETTE .—D EATHO FTHE  P RINCESS S O PHIA .—D EATHO F  I VAN .—A DVANCEMENTO F  K NO WLEDG E .—S UCCESSIO NO F  V ASSILI . —A TTACK U PO NTHE H O RDE .—R O UTO FTHE R USSIANS .—T HE G RAND P RINCE T AKESTHE T ITLEO F E MPERO R .—T URKISH E NVO YTO M O SCO W .—E FFO RTS T O A RM E URO PE A G AINST THE T URKS .—D EATHO FTHE E MPERO R M AXIMILIAN , AND A CCESSIO NO F C HARLES V. TOTHE E MPIREO F G ERMANY .—D EATHO F V ASSILI .

CHAPTER XII.

IVAN IV.—HIS MINORITY.

F RO M 1533 TO 1546.

V ASSILI  A TTHE  C HASE .—A TTENTIO N  T O  D ISTING UISHED  F O REIG NERS .—T HE  A UTO CRACY . —S PLENDO RO FTHE  E DIFICES .—S LAVERY .—A RISTO CRACY .—I NFANCYO FV I AN  IV. —R EG ENCYO F  H ÉLÈNE .—C O NSPIRACIESAND  T UMULTS .—W ARWITH  S IG ISMO NDO F P O LAND .—D EATHO F H ÉLÈNE .—S TRUG G LESO FTHE N O BLES .—A PPALLING S UFFERING SO F D MITRI .—I NCURSIO NO FTHE  T ARTARS .—S UCCESSFUL  C O NSPIRACY .—I VAN  IV. T A THE C HASE .—C O RO NATIO NO F I VAN IV.

CHAPTER XIII.

THE REIGN OF IVAN IV.

F RO M 1546 TO 1552.

T HE  T ITLEO F  T ZAR .—M ARRIAG EO F  I VAN  IV.—V IRTUESO F  H IS  B RIDE .—D EPRAVED C HARACTERO FTHE  Y O UNG  E MPERO R .—T ERRIBLE  C O NFLAG RATIO NS .—I NSURRECTIO NS . —T HE R EBUKE .—W O NDERFUL C HANG EINTHE C HARACTERO F I VAN IV.—C O NFESSIO NSO F S INAND M EASURESO F R EFO RM .—S YLVESTREAND A LEXIS A DACHEF .—T HE C O DEO F L AWS . —R EFO RMSINTHE C HURCH .—E NCO URAG EMENT T O M ENO F S CIENCEAND L ETTERS .—T HE E MBASSAG EO F  S CHLIT .—W AR  W ITH  K EZAN .—D ISASTERSAND  D ISG RACE .—I MMENSE P REPARATIO N  F O RTHE  C HASTISEMENTO FTHE  H O RDE .—T HE  M ARCH .—R EPULSEO FTHE T AUREDIANS .—S IEG EO F K EZAN .—I NCIDENTSO FTHE S IEG E .

CHAPTER XIV.

THE REIGN OF IVAN IV.—CONTINUED.

F RO M 1552 TO 1557.

S IEG EO F K EZAN .—A RTIFICESO F W AR .—T HE E XPLO SIO NO F M INES .—T HE F INAL A SSAULT . —C O MPLETE  S UBJUG ATIO NO F  K EZAN .—G RATITUDEANDI L BERALITYO FTHE  T ZAR . —R ETURN T O M O SCO W .—J O YO FTHEINHABITANTS .—B IRTHO F A N H EIR T OTHE C RO WN . —I NSURRECTIO NIN  K EZAN .—T HE  I NSURRECTIO N  Q UELLED .—C O NQ UESTO F  A STRACHAN . —T HE  E NG LISH  E XPEDITIO NIN  S EARCHO FA  N O RTH -E AST  P ASSAG ETO  I NDIA .—T HE E STABLISHMENTAT  A RCHANG EL .—C O MMERCIAL  R ELATIO NS  B ETWEEN  F RANCEAND  R USSIA . —R USSIAN E MBASSYTO E NG LAND .—E XTENSIO NO F C O MMERCE .

CHAPTER XV.

THE ABDICATION OF IVAN IV.

F RO M 1557 TO 1582.

T ERRO RO FTHE H O RDEIN T AURIDE .—W ARWITH G USTAVUS V ASAO F S WEDEN .—P O LITICAL P UNCTILIO S .—T HE  K ING DO MO F  L IVO NIA  A NNEXEDTO  S WEDEN .—D EATHO F  A NASTASIA . —C O NSPIRACY  A G AINSTV I AN .—H IS  A BDICATIO N .—H IS  R ESUMPTIO NO FTHE  C RO WN . —I NVASIO NO F R USSIABYTHE T ARTARSAND T URKS .—H ERO ISMO F  Z EREBRINO W .—U TTER D ISCO MFITUREO FTHE  T ARTARS .—R ELATIO NS  B ETWEEN  Q UEEN  E LIZABETHO F  E NG LAND , AND  R USSIA .—I NTREPID  E MBASSAG E .—N EW  W ARWITH  P O LAND .—D ISASTERSO F  R USSIA . —T HE E MPERO R K ILLS H IS O WN S O N .—A NG UISHO F I VAN IV.