The Greek View of Life

G. Lowes (Goldsworthy Lowes) Dickinson

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The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Greek View of Life by Goldsworthy Lowes DickinsonCopyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the copyright laws for your country before downloadingor redistributing this or any other Project Gutenberg eBook.This header should be the first thing seen when viewing this Project Gutenberg file. Please do not remove it. Do notchange or edit the header without written permission.Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of thisfile. Included is important information about your specific rights and restrictions in how the file may be used. You can alsofind out about how to make a donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved.**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts****eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971*******These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!*****Title: The Greek View of LifeAuthor: Goldsworthy Lowes DickinsonRelease Date: July, 2004 [EBook #6200] [Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule] [This file was first postedon November 22, 2002]Edition: 10Language: English*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, THE GREEK VIEW OF LIFE ***Produced by Tonya Allen, Juliet Sutherland, Charles Franks and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team.THE GREEK VIEW OF LIFEBYG. LOWES DICKINSON, M.A.SIXTH EDITIONNEW YORK1909PREFACEThe following pages are intended to ...

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• Publié par: ucte
• Publié le: 08 décembre 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 28
• Langue: English

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, THE GREEK VIEW OF LIFE ***

Produced by Tonya Allen, Juliet Sutherland, Charles Franks and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team.

**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** **eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** *****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!*****

Title: The Greek View of Life Author: Goldsworthy Lowes Dickinson Release Date: July, 2004 [EBook #6200] [Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule] [This file was first posted on November 22, 2002] Edition: 10 Language: English

THE GREEK VIEW OF LIFE BY G. LOWES DICKINSON, M.A. SIXTH EDITION NEW YORK 1909

PREFACE

The following pages are intended to serve as a general introduction to Greek literature and thought, for those, primarily, who do not know Greek. Whatever opinions may be held as to the value of translations, it seems clear that it is only by their means that the majority of modern readers can attain to any knowledge of Greek culture; and as I believe that culture to be still, as it has been in the past, the most valuable element of a liberal education, I have hoped that such an attempt as the present to give, with the help of quotations from the original authors, some general idea of the Greek view of life, will not be regarded as labour thrown away. It has been essential to my purpose to avoid, as far as may be, all controversial matter; and if any classical scholar who may come across this volume should be inclined to complain of omissions or evasions, I would beg him to remember the object of the book and to judge it according to its fitness for its own end. "The Greek View of Life," no doubt, is a question-begging title, but I believe it to have a quite intelligible meaning; for varied and manifold as the phases may be that are presented by the Greek civilization, they do nevertheless group themselves about certain main ideas, to be distinguished with sufficient clearness from those which have dominated other nations. It is these ideas that I have endeavoured to bring into relief; and if I have failed, the blame, I submit, must be ascribed rather to myself than to the nature of the task I have undertaken. From permission to make the extracts from translations here printed my best thanks are due to the following authors and publishers:—Professor Butcher, Mr. Andrew Lang, Mr. E. D. A. Morshead, Mr. B. B. Rogers, Dr. Verrall, Mr. A. S. Way, Messrs. George Bell and Sons, the Syndics of the Cambridge University Press, the Delegates of the Clarendon Press, Oxford, Messrs. Macmillan and Co., Mr. John Murray, and Messrs. Sampson Low, Marston and Co.—I have also to thank the Master and Fellows of Balliol College, Oxford, for permission to quote at considerable length from the late Professor Jowett's translations of Plato and Thucydides. Appended is a list of the translations from which I have quoted.

LIST OF TRANSLATIONS USED

AESCHYLUS (B.C. 525—456). "The House of Atreus" (I.E. the "Agamemnon," "Choephorae" and "Eumenides"), translated by E. D. A. MORSHEAD (Warren and Sons). The "Eumenides," translated by DR. VERRALL (Cambridge, 1885). ARISTOPHANES (C. B.C. 444—380). "The Acharnians, the Knights, and the Birds," translated by JOHN HOOKHAM FRERE (Morley's Universal Library, Routledge). [Also the "Frogs" and the "Peace" in his Collected Works, (Pickering)]. The "Clouds," the "Lysistrata" ["Women in Revolt,"] the "Peace," and the "Wasps," translated by B. B. ROGERS ARISTOTLE (B.C. 384—322). The "Ethics," the "Politics,"  and the "Rhetoric," translated by J. E. C. WELLDON  (Macmillan & Co.). DEMOSTHENES (B.C. 385—322). "Orations," translated by  C. R. KENNEDY (Bell). EURIPIDES (B.C. 480—406). "Tragedies," translated by  A. S. WAY (Macmillan & Co.). HERODOTUS (B.C. 484— ). "The History," translated  by S. R. RAWLINSON (Murray). HOMER. The "Iliad," translated by LANG, LEAF AND MYERS;  the "Odyssey," translated by BUTCHER & LANG (Macmillan). PINDAR (B.C. 522—442). "Odes," translated by E. MYERS  (Macmillan & Co.). PLATO (B.C. 430—347). The "Dialogues," translated by  B. JOWETT (Clarendon Press).  "The Republic " translated by DAVIES AND VAUGHAN ,  (Macmillan & Co.). PLUTARCH. "Lives," DRYDEN'S translation, edited by  A. CLOUGH (Sampson Low, Marston & Co.). SOPHOCLES (B.C. 496—406). Edited and Translated by DR. JEBB  (Cambridge University Press). THUCYDIDES (B.C. 471— ), edited and translated by  B. JOWETT (Clarendon Press).

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CONTENTS

CHAPTER I.—THE GREEK VIEW OF RELIGION

CHAPTER III.—THE GREEK VIEW OF THE INDIVIDUAL

oosdlaG etnr ouab LalnuMaf  o pA .2 edarT dna r

1. The Greek State a "City" 2. The Relation of the State to the Citizen 3. The Greek View of Law 4. Artisans and Slaves 5. The Greek State primarily Military, not Industrial 6. Forms of Government in the Greek State 7. Faction and Anarchy 8. Property and the Communistic Ideal 9. Sparta 10. Athens 11. Sceptical Criticism of the Basis of the State 12. Summary

1. Introductory 2. Greek Religion an Interpretation of Nature 3. Greek Religion an Interpretation of the Human Passions 4. Greek Religion the Foundation of Society 5. Religious Festivals 6. The Greek Conception of the Relation of Man to the Gods 7. Divination, Omens, Oracles 8. Sacrifice and Atonement 9. Guilt and Punishment 10. Mysticism 11. The Greek View of Death and a Future Life 12. Critical and Sceptical Opinion in Greece 13. Ethical Criticism 14. Transition to Monotheism 15. Metaphysical Criticism 16. Metaphysical reconstruction—Plato 17. Summary

CHAPTER II.—THE GREEK VIEW OF THE STATE

CHAPTER IV.—THE GREEK VIEW OF ART

8. Summary

7. Comedy

6. Tragedy

CHAPTER V.—CONCLUSION

7. Illustrations.—Ischomachus; Socrates

4. Greek Athletics

9. Protests against the Common View of Woman

6. The Greek View of Pleasure

5. Greek Ethics—Identification of the Aesthetic and Ethical Points of View

10. Friendship

2. Identification of the Aesthetic and Ethical points of View

8. The Greek View of Woman

11. Summary

1. Greek Art an Expression of National Life

5. Poetry

3. Sculpture and Painting

4. Music and the Dance

 fhPnoo aiitrpce. Ap3estiliua Qalicys

T

HE GREEK VIEW OF LIFE

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Section 2. Greek Religion an Interpretation of Nature.

In approaching the subject of the religion of the Greeks it is necessary to dismiss at the outset many of the associations which we are naturally inclined to connect with that word. What we commonly have in our mind when we speak of religion is a definite set of doctrines, of a more or less metaphysical character, formulated in a creed and supported by an organisation distinct from the state. And the first thing we have to learn about the religion of the Greeks is that it included nothing of the kind. There was no church, there was no creed, there were no articles; there was no doctrine even, unless we are so to call a chaos of legends orally handed down and in continual process of transformation by the poets. Priests there were, but they were merely public officials, appointed to perform certain religious rites. The distinction between cleric and layman, as we know it, did not exist; the distinction between poetry and dogma did not exist; and whatever the religion of the Greeks may have been, one thing at any rate is clear, that it was something very different from all that we are in the habit of associating with the word. What then was it? It is easy to reply that it was the worship of those gods—of Zeus, Apollo, Athene, and the rest—with whose names and histories every one is familiar. But the difficulty is to realise what was implied in the worship of these gods; to understand that the mythology which we regard merely as a collection of fables was to the Greeks actually true; or at least that to nine Greeks out of ten it would never occur that it might be false, might be, as we say, mere stories. So that though no doubt the histories of the gods were in part the inventions of the poets, yet the poets would conceive themselves to be merely putting into form what they and every one believed to be essentially true. But such a belief implies a fundamental distinction between the conception, or rather, perhaps, the feeling of the Greeks about the world, and our own. And it is this feeling that we want to understand when we ask ourselves the question, what did a belief in the gods really mean to the ancient Greeks? To answer it fully and satisfactorily is perhaps impossible. But some attempt must be made; and it may help us in our quest if we endeavour to imagine the kind of questionings and doubts which the conception of the gods would set at rest.

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Section 1. Introductory.

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