The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Student's Companion to Latin Authors, by George Middleton and Thomas R. Mills This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net Title: The Student's Companion to Latin Authors Author: George Middleton Thomas R. Mills Release Date: March 25, 2009 [EBook #28413] Language: English Character set encoding: UTF-8 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STUDENT'S COMPANION LATIN AUTHORS *** Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Stefan Cramme and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net The Student’s Companion to Latin Authors by GEORGE MIDDLETON, M.A. LECTURER IN LATIN, ABERDEEN UNIVERSITY; LATE SCHOLAR OF EMMANUEL COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE AND THOMAS R. MILLS, M.A. LATELECTURERINGREEK,ABERDEENUNIVERSIT,YANDCLASSICALLECTURER, OWENS COLLEGE, MANCHESTER; FORMERLY SCHOLAR OF WADHAM COLLEGE, OXFORD WITH AN INTRODUCTORY NOTE BY PROF. W. M. RAMSAY, D.C.L., LL.D. ABERDEEN UNIVERSITY London MacmlilanandCo,.Ltd. NewYork:TheMacmlilanCo. 1896 All rights reserved GLASGOW: PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS BY ROBERT MACLEHOSE AND CO. PREFACE Theobjectofthisbookistogiveinaconvenientformallthefactsofimpotrancerelatingtotheilvesand worksofthepirncipalLaitnAuthors,wtihfullquotationoforiginalauthoiritesonallthechiefpoints.tIappears tousthatthesefactsarenotatpresentreadilyaccessible;fortheordinaryhistoriesoftileratureare compelledtosacirifcemuchexactinformaitontothedemandforacrtiicalappreciaitonoftheauthors.The latteraspectdoesnotenterintotheplanofthisbook,whichmaytherefore,withadvantage,beusedsideby sidewtihanyworkofthekindindicated,thetwosupplementingoneanother.Theauthorshavebeen,asfar aspossibleli,lustratedrfomtheirownworks.Specialattentionhasbeenpaidtothegreatwrtiers,asthebook ismeantforuseintheupperformsofschoolsandbystudentsattheUniversities.Wehadcollecteda considerableamountofmatterupontheminorauthors,mostofwhichitwasthoughtadivsabletoomit,soas nottoextendthebookunduly.Anattempt,however,hasbeenmadetoretainthemostimpotrantfactsabout these,whenevertheyillustratedoneofthegreatauthors,orwhenevertiwasthoughtthattheyoughttobein thehandsofastudent.WehaveattemptednorteatmentofealryLaitnasseenininscripitonsandthelike,but havestatredwtihthefristliteraryautho,rLiivusAndronicus,andhavegonedowntoTacitusandtheyounger Pilny,dealingwtiheachauthorbyhimsel.fAsecitonhasbeenaddedonSuetonius.Asketchofthechief ancientauthoritiesonRomanwirtersisgivenattheendofthebook,aswellasaselectedilstofedtiions, which,wtihoutbeingexhaustive,wil,lwehope,beofserivcetotheaveragestuden.t Apatrrfomourownstudyoftheauthors,ourprincipalauthoirtyhas,ofcourse,beentheHistory of Roman Literatureeamhvadew,naarr)W.WC..G.foesueivnsteexnadeTueffleybybforPlsnadetabewatr(ndachS editionsandmonographsbothEnglishandforeign,whicharemenitonedwherenecessar.yEnniushasbeen quotedrfomVahlen’sedtiion,PlautusfromtheneweditionofRitschl,therfagmentsofthertagediansand comediansrfomRibbeck,ofLuciliusfromL.Müller,andoftheminorpoetsrfomBährens,theminor historians from Peter’sFragmentaSdna,usnitouemeagfr’yowtnrarfmokrsfferReiid.sche SomeofourmateiralswereoirginallypreparedfortheHumantiyclassesinAberdeenUniversti,yandthe LatinLtieraryClubinconneixonwtihtheHonoursclass.Wehavetothanksomeofourpuplisforhelpand criticism,particularlyMr.A.Souter,ofGonvlileandCaiusCollege,Cambirdge,andMr.A.G.Wright,ofS.t John’sCollege,Cambirdget,helatterofwhompreparedthematerialsfortheaitrcleonTibullus,andgaveus someusefulsuggesitons.WearespeciallyindebtedtoProfessorW.M.Ramsay,withoutwhomthebook wouldnothavebeenwtirten.ProfessorRamsayhasreadnealrythewholeoftheworkasithaspassed throughthepress,andhasallalonggivenusinvaluableassistanceandadivce.Foranyerrorsinthefollowing pages we are, of course, solely responsible. ABERDEEN,epSmbte,er8169. CONTENTS CHAPTERI.—EARLYPOETSANDPROSEWIRTERS,1 Livius Andronicus,1; Naevius,4; Plautus,7; Ennius,26,suaP;ivuc34; Caecilius Statius,37; Terence,39,srohtuAorinMlyarE;52; Cato,53; Accius,55su,icil;uL58ad;ntAatnauiArfs,64; MinorPoetsatferArfanius,65tnmeoparyrwtihCicero’syouth,Au;cosorth67. CHAPTERIT—.IHECERICIAONNAGE,69 Cicero,69; Q. Cicero,89; T ri o,90cutiAt;,s90; Varro,91; Laberius,97; Bibaculus,99; Caesar andtheCorpusCaesairanum,100; Po ill o,112; Nepos,112L;itsucuer,119; Sallust,125; Catullus,132,).ctes,ruSysiuilblormpyaretPo(CsC;etnorroAtacinus,Punian,aCvlsu,aV140. CHAPTERI.—TIIHEAUGUSTANAGE,147 Virgi,l147; Horace,163; Contemporary Poets,180 bullus,; iT185,;rPporeitsu191; Ovid,200; Manilius,213; Livy,215ormpiearC;teon,yLvisfo223; Vitruvius,224; Seneca the Elder,226. CHAPTERIV.—POST-AUGUSTANWRTIRES,231 VelleiusPaterculus,231us,aximaV;irelMsu234; Celsus,235; Phaedrus,237; Seneca the Younger,240fuR,su;ruCsuit256; Columella,258; Pomponius Mela,259; Persius,260; Lucan, 264,usniroetP;272; Calpurnius Siculus,275Aetn;,)ro(LailucsiuniIu277; Pliny the Elder,281; Valerius Flaccus,286,sucilSi;taIusli289ius,tatS;291,lrtia;Ma295; Quin it il an,302; Frontinus, 310; Juvenal,312ehtynilP;r,geunYo326; Tacitus,336; Suetonius,348. APPENXIDA.,351 ANEPPXDIB ,.356 INDEXOFSUBJECTS,368 INDEXOFTLTSEI,378 INTRODUCTORY NOTE Theauthorsaskmetowriteawordofinrtoductiontotheirbook;butaninrtoducitonisnotneededwhenthe booksuppilesawantandistrustwotrhyinwhatitsays.Astothesecondpoint,thetextwillspeakfortisel.fOn therifs,tawordmaybepermttiedaboutmyownexpeirenceinlectuirng.TheyoungstudentofLatinLtierature requireshelpintwoways.Intherifstplace,heneedsguidanceinlearningtorecognizeandappreciatethe ilterarymertioftheauthors.Mr.Cruttwel’ls,and,sitllbetter,Mr.Mackai’lsbook,wlilservehispurposewell. Theyareinteresitngtoread,andtheytempthimontostudyforhimsefl.Mr.Mackail’sbook,especiall,yshows deilcateltieraryfeeilng,andaremarkablycatholicandtruesenseoftilerarymerit.But,secondl,ythestudent wantsaclearstatementofthefacts,certainorprobable,aboutthelfieofeachauthor,thechronologyofhis works,andtheirrelaitontothecircumstancesandpersonagesofthetime.NeitherofthebookswhichIhave namedissatisfactoryinthisrespect.Bothofthemomitalargenumberoffactsandtheoireswhichthe student ought to have before him: Mr. Cruttwell occasionally even sinks to inaccuracy. AboutthreeyearsagoIsuggestedtoMr.Middletonthatheshouldrtytoifllupthisgapwithabook,inwhich heshouldbirngtogetheralltheinformationthatastudentshouldhavereadytohishandinreadingthemore famliiarclassicalauthors,thatheshouldkeepdownthesizeofhisbookbyomittingallthatthestudentdoes notwant,andthatheshouldsetbeforehisreaderstheeivdenceonwhicheachfactrests,sothattheymight beledtoformopinionsandjudgmentsoftheirown.Teuffe-lSchwabe’sgreatworkcontainsavastdealthat theordinarystudentdoesnotwan;tanditdoesnotcontainacetrainamountwhichwi,llIbeileve,befoundin thepresentbook,thematerialsforwhichhavebeengatheredrfomawiderangeofreading. Iamconvincedthatmuchcanbedonetositmulateandinivgoratetheyoungstuden’tsfeelingforLatin ilteraturebyhelpinghimtofeelforhimseflhoweachauthor’swordsspringrfomhislfie,andconverselyhow factsandcricumstancesofhislifecanbeeilctiedrfomhiswords.Therewlilalwaysremaindoubtsastothe facts and dates,e.gi,.autrnysoeadneoehthyrisaistnterest,andisebttrefronce’sHorainCorul’stalu;eblfi thepuplithannotheory.Thepresentbookwill,asIhope,befoundusefulasanaidtothatmethodofteaching andofstudy,proivdedthatbothteacherandpupilbearinmindthatitisacompaniontootherbooks—nota bookcompleteintise.fl W. M. RAMSAY. COMPANION TO LATIN AUTHORS CHAPTER I. EARLY POETS AND PROSE WRITERS. LIVIUS ANDRONICUS. (1) LIFE. L.LiivusAndronicus,accordingtothepoetAccius,wastakenprisoneratthecaptureofTarentumbyQ. FabiusMaixmusinB.C.dex,an209niaypltsrifsihdetibihB.C.197. Cic..utBr.postquamenarstiipcrtsiiviLamusinnxxximoMaxtumquinlueocsnmuTactp72ccA‘,3-.Qasui eumfabulamdocuisseetAittcusscirbitetnosinantiquiscommentariisinvenimus:docuisseautemfabulam annispostxi,.C.CornelioQ.Minuciocoss.ludisIuventatis,quosSalinatorSenensiproeilovoverat’. ButancientevidenceisunanimousthathewasthefrisiltterarywtirerofRome,andthisisconfrimedbyhis archaic language. Hence the statement of Ciceroibid.stirlapinhyedfisrpscudoLtauivi,thB.C.240, must be accepted. ‘AtquehicLivius,quipirmusfabulam,C.ClaudioCaecilifioetM.Tuditanocoss,.docuitannoipsoantequam natus est Ennius; post Romam conditam autem quarto decimo et quingentesimo ... In quo tantus error Acci fuit,uthisconsulibusxl.annosnatusEnniusfueir:tcuisiaequailsfuertiLiivus,minorfuitaliquantois,qui primusfabulamded,tiquamei,quimutlasdocuerantantehosconsules,etPlautusetNaeivus.’ C.fCic.Tusc.3,i.Gelland.iivx..24,12 ProbablyAccius,findinginhisauthoitiresthatLiviuswastakenpirsoneratthecaptureofTarentum(.i ei.nB.C. 272), wrongly thought of the second capture by Fabius. In spite of Cicero’s correction, the error of Accius was,wemayinfe,rreproducedbySuetonius,andthuspenetratedintoJerome,whosays,y.rAbr.1830=B.C. 187‘,.T[anerror]Liviustragoediarumscriptorclarushabetu,rquiobingeniimetirumaLivioSalinatore,cuius ilberoserudieba,tlibetratedonatusest.’ ItisprobablethatLiivuswastheslaveofC.LiviusSalinato,rthefatherofthevictorofSena(M.Livius Sailnator),andtaughtthelatter;forhemusthavebeensetrfeebeforeB.C.240, and the victor of Sena could hardlyhavebeenborneailretrhanB.C.shiT8.25inatSalvius.LiedMnamxeoiocnnorwhenconsul,B.C.207, selectLiviusAndronicustoprepareahymnofexpiationtotheAvenitneJuno,and,probablyinthesameyea,r tocomposeahymnofthanksgivingforthesuccessofRomeintheHannibailcWar.Forhisserivcesthe pirivlegesofagulidwereassignedtowtirersandactors. Livyxxvii.37,‘Decreverepontiifcesutvriginesternovenaeperurbemeuntescarmencanerent...condtium abLiivopoeta...CarmeninIunonemreginamcanentesibantlliatempestateforstianlaudabilerudibus ingeniis,nuncabhorrensetincondtium,sireferatu.r’ Fest.p.333,‘CumLiviusAndronicusbelloPunicosecundoscripsissetcarmenquodaivrginibusest cantatum,quiaprospeirusrespublicapopuliRomanigeircoeptaest,publiceattributaesteiinAventino aedisMinervae,inqualiceretscirbishistrionibusqueconsistereacdonaponere,inhonoremLiiv,quiaiset scribebatfabulasetageba’.t Liviushadatwofoldreasonforwiritng,(aassisthiminh)oToochsarteaslmeforpsisanoissbuilehpahsde rtanslationoftheOdyssey; (b)as,rherwancaotayplheseotethdnaetfatca,deshedublidsprwar.mteh Sueton.Gramm.sourtqaeulniugadomiforisqueucodessindatatoeum.’stmiuiv‘L,1uq...muinnEte Livyivi.2,8,‘Liivus...quiabsaturisaususestpirmusargumentofabulamserere,idemscilicet,idquod omnestumeran,tsuorumcarminumacto.r’ (2) WORKS. 1.Tragedies.estltie(dnatnathtmorfemtnsxetnyrfgathesca—FromsellhiAc,Aegisthus, and six others are known)weseethatthesewerecloseimitaitonsofGreekplays.Thusl.38(Ribbeck,) ‘Quemegonerfendemaluilacteamimmulgensopem,’ is,accordingtoConington,arendeirngofAesch.Choeph.883-4, μαστὸνπρὸςᾧσὺπολλὰδὴβρζίωνἅμα οὔλοισιν ἐξήμελξας εὐτραφὲς γάλα. 2.Comedies.mgarstnefoerhtofehetaseerenatx.t—Slightf 3. A translation of theOdysseyin Saturnians.[1]This, though rough and incorrect, long remained a school-book. So Hor.Ep.69,iIi.sqq,. ‘NonequideminsectordelendavecarminaLiiv esse reor, memini quae plagosum mihi parvo Orbliiumdictare:sedemendatavideri pulchraqueetexacitsminimumdistanitamiro.r’ Forexamplesofrtanslaiton,of.Gel,lxiiiv.9,5‘,Offendi...ilbrum...LiviAndronici,quiinscriptusestOdyssea, inquoeratversuspirmus..,. “VriúmmihíCaména|ínsecéversútum” , factusexllioHomeirversu, Ἄνδρα μοι ἔννεπε, Μοῦσα, πολύτροπον.’ Fragments 2 and 3, ‘Meá puer, quid vérbi | éx tuo óre súpera fugít? nequeenímteobtílus|Léitré,sum,nóste,r’ representOd..i64, τέκνον ἐμὸν, ποῖόν σε ἔπος φύγεν ἕρκος ὀδόντων; πῶςἂνἔπει’τὈδυσῆοςἐγὼθείοιολαθοίμην; NAEVIUS. (1) LIFE. Cn.Naeivus’datescanonlybegivenapproximatelyasB.C.heaW,rnictPuFirsthehAsseeedrvni21-96.99 cannotinanycasehavebeenbornlatetrhanB.C.maapinnawsaaC257.Heh.ybrtbi Gel.l.i24,2‘,EpigrammaNaeviplenumsuperbiaeCampanae,quodtesitmoniumesseiustumpotuisse,tnisi ab ipso dictum esset, I“nmotralesmortalessiforetfaslfere, flerent divae Camenae Naevium poetam. tIaquepostquamestOrcirtadtiusthesauro, obliitsuntRomaeloquierlinguaLaitna’”. Naeivus’firstplaywasproducedB.C.235; the fact that he served as a soldier shows that he was not an actor. Gel.lxvii.21,45,‘Eodemanno(A.U.C. DpsuateobafsaluixxC.)Nn.viaeroqeuid,tVram.Mdpoapumdepulu inilbrisdepoeitsprimositpendiafecisseaitbelloPoenicoprimo,idqueipsumNaeviumdicereineo carmine,quoddeeodembelloscirpsti’. Inhisplaysheattackedthesenatoiralpatr,yparticularlytheMetell,iandwasimprisoned,butatferwards released. Gell.iii.3,15,‘SicutideNaeivoquoqueaccepimus,fabulaseumincarcereduasscripsisse,Hairolumet Leontem,cumobassiduammaledicenitametprobrainprincipesciivtaitsdeGraecorumpoetarummore dictainivnculaRomaeatriumvirisconiectusesset.Undepostatirbunisplebisexemptuses,tcuminhis, quassupradiix,fabuilsdelictasuaetpetulanitasdictorum,quibusmultosantelaesera,tdliuisset’. Pseud.-Asconius on Cic.in Verr. act. prioreviimNauuqitnasolleteMniseioelumntcoecetetciutmaf,29.‘D est,“FatoMetelilRomaifiuntconsules,”cuituncMetellusconsul(B.C. 206) iratus versu responderat ..., “DabuntmalumMeteillNaeivopoetae.”’ Cf.thecontemporaryreferenceinPlau.tMil.212, ‘Nam os columnatum poetae esse indaudivi barbaro[,2] quoibinicustodessempetroitshoirsoccuban’.t ForNaevius’freedomofspeechc.fhiscomedies,l.113(Ribbeck,) ‘LiberailngualoquemurludisLiberalibus’; l.108(onScipio,) ‘Eitamquriesmagnasmanusaepegesstigloirose, cuiusfactavivanuncivgent,quiapudgentessoluspraestat, eumsuuspatercumpalilodunodabamicaabduix’.t Naevius was banished and went to Utica, where he died, probably aboutB.C.beenavesthtmureatf19I9. peace was concluded (B.C.uldhavesehecoUitacoraehcdeeresngtiynldbyotehtiwrehtosa,)202 enemy[.3]Jerome givesB.C.201, CiceroB.C.sVarrohhesayatlohgu02,4noesrsveeTh.ertaletadehttup ScipioquotedabovecouldhardlyhavebeenwirttenbeforethebattleofZama. Jeromey.rAbr.1816=B.C.liui,maoiennbocsuRupslaftcmoaaemUticur,oritsuiveaNsucimoc‘1,20praecipueMetel.il ’ Cic.Bru.t6su(nscoibul‘0,sHiB.C.sestmortuus;ircssiiratnemmoiuevNa,steumpt,)u240usceribvettin quamquamVarronoster,diligentissimusinvesitgatorantiquitaits,putatinhocerratumivtamqueNaeiv produciltongius. ’ (2) WORKS. 1.Tragedieshe—T.ndaesatitlventestxnaereeras.ntrfwemgarevefy 2.Comedies.urfoy-utthirtsofaboerttielT—eherapaeatlial[,4]dnasdrawpuhtrinadniseytloneofredhund extan.t Naevius seems to have adoptedcontaminatio[5]in his plays. Ter.Andr.prol. 15, I‘distitivuperanftactumatqueineodisputant contaminarinondecerefabulas...qui quom hunc accusant, Naevium Plautum Ennium accusant’. 3.Praetextae.—eidegarTmoRnosansubjects,‘Clsaitidmu’nadR‘ulom.’usheTpraetextawas invented by Naevius. 4.ulmBleucmuPin,icepnainmoepinrutaSvid,snaidedlaterintoesevnoBko.sAobsutenev-ftyrouenilrase extan.t Sueton.Gramm.2usLtavi.Oc,‘CPiiveaNoidapmaum,luelbumicunnieteconvlomuiscriptontinentaru expostium,divisitinseptemlibros.’ Booksi.and.iicontainedthemythicaloriginofRomeandCatrhage,Aeneas’ilfghtrfomTroyandhissojourn atthecourtofDidoinCatrhage.InBookiii.thehistoryoftheFirstPunicWarcommenced.Theworkwas imtiatedbyEnniusandVirgil,sometimescloselybythelatter.C.fSerivusonAen.i.198-207, ‘O socii,’ etc. ‘EttotushiclocusdeNaeviobelliPuniciilbrortanslatusest’.Ibid.nnEsuiuivetesfixalineAeeae273,‘Nai.nepotemRomulumcondtioremurbisrtadun’.t Macrob.Saturn.eteVunspaduIstasdescribitureAodientsoepme,31n‘Iinprpici,2i.vciH.ueqemov..r.turi locustotussumptusaNaevioestexpirmoilbrobelilPunici’. PLAUTUS (1) LIFE. Plautus’fullname,.TMacciusPlautus,wasdiscoveredbyRitschilntheAmbrosian(Milan)palimpses,twhich gives,e.g.asinaexPlautiC‘aMccilpciti:’dipiscuauPlEtiI’.nlpxeticitfreanyslapwotheticcaM.T‘:dema Plaut.Merc.the6,.lMS. readingcitcaMiwas emended by Ritschl toaMcciiTit; and inAsin..l,11prol. Macciusis the right reading. TheMSS. readMaccus, which Bücheler (Rhein. Mus.41, 12) takes to mean ‘buffoon’,o‘rwtirerofcomedies,’rfomwhichPlautustookhisfamliyname,Maccius,onbecomingaRoman citizen. ‘M. Accius,’ formerly supposed to be the name, is found in noMS., but ‘Accius’ is found inpEtimoe
Fest,ichgwhi239,p.optehteusviseihrofns,nadusggsestanotherderivatiobs’htricalpS,esiarinaUmniabr name:‘Ploitappellantu,rquisuntplanispedibus,undeetpoetaAccius,quiaUmberSarsinasera,tapedum planitieinitioPlotus,posteaPlautusestdictus’. InthecorrespondingpassageofFestus,wehaveonly‘...uspoeta,quiaUmbe’,retc.Thenameofthepoetis lost, and the epitomizer has doubtless made a mistake. Sarsina is mentioned once by Plautus,l.steloM770, ‘Quid?Sarsinaitsecquast,siUmbramnonhabes?’ The year of his birth can only be conjectured; he diedB.C.184. Cic.Brut.60, ‘Plautus P. Claudio L. Porcio coss. mortuus est.’ Jerome erroneously assigns Plautus’ death to yr. Abr. 1817 =B.C.200, ‘Plautus ex Umbria Sarsinas Romae moritur,quipropterannonaedfiifcultatemadmolasmanuariaspistoirselocaverat;ibiquotiensabopere vacaret,scirberefabulasetvenderesollictiiusconsueverat’. Fromthisnoitce,andfromthepassageofGelliusbelow,welearnthatPlautuslositnforeignrtadethemoney hehadmadeasanassistanttoscenicaritsts,andhadtoworkforhisilvinginaflourmillatRome,duirng whichitmehewroteplays,andconitnuedtodosoatferwards. Gell.iii.3,14‘,SatuironemetAddictumetteritamquamdam,cuiusnuncmihinomennonsubpeti,tinpistrino eumscripsisse,Varroetpleirquealiimemoriaetradideruntcum,pecuniaomni,quaminoperisaitrifcum scaenicorumpeperera,tinmercaitbusperdtiainopsRomamredissetetobquaerendumvictumad circumagendasmolas,quae“rtusaitles”appellantur,operampistorilocasset’. WeconcluderfomthesevariedemploymentsthatPlautuscanhardlyhavebeenlessthanthirtyyearsold whenhebegantowrtieplays.HisintimacywtihtheScipios(Cic.de Rep.suitAgupadu.v,in.Civ. D. ii . 9 ,) whofeillnSpainB.C.212, leads to the conclusion that he must have been well established as an author by thatdate,thoughnoneofhisplayscanbeprovedtohavebeenwttirensoealry.Ifwesupposethathiscareer asaplaywirghtcommencedatthitr,yandthathisacquaintancewtihtheScipioslastedtenyears,theyearof his birth must have been aboutB.C.ivsihTussiwe4.25tociehnCcienitedp.porbyt(1)Brut.utusPlahtta37, had produced many plays byB.C. 197; (2) by Cic.Cato maiorenulPtoutla,useduatab...curT,50,‘quamg quamPseudolo,’wherePlautusissaidtohavewrttientheseplaysassenex. Now thePseudoluswas written B.C.amasadluocncbetnodlealfere,erona;htd911senexitllawsheeastatlty,sixsihtribumhhtseavenbe not later thanB.C.251. Plautusissaidtohavewirttenhisowneptiaph. Gel.li.24,3,‘EpigrammaPlauti,quoddubitassemusanPlaufitoret,nisiaM.Varronepositumessetinlibro de poetis primo: “PostquamestmotremaptusPlautus,Comoedialuge,t Scaenaestdesetra,acdeinRisus,LudusIocusque, etNumeriinnumerisimulomnesconlacrimarunt’”. (2) WORKS. Plautus’playswereealryciritcizedastotherigenuineness.Ge.lliii.3,1-3,aftermentioningthecanonsof AeilusStilo,Sedigitus,etc,.saysthatVarroadmittedtwenty-oneplayswhichweregivenbyallthecanons, andaddedsomemore.‘Nampraeterlilasunametviginit,quaeVarronianaevocantur,quasidcricoaceteirs segregavi,tquoniamdubiosaenoneran,tsetconsensuomniumPlauitessecensebantur,quasdamtiem ailasprobativadductusfiloatquefacetiasermonisPlautocongruentiseasqueiamnominibusaliorum occupatasPlautovindicativ’. AboutonehundredandthitryplayswerecurrentunderthenameofPlautus;thetheoryofVarro(Gel.liii.3,10) thatthesewerewrittenbyacertainPlautiusisimprobable. Gelii.l.i3,11,‘FeruntursubPlauitnominecomoediaecricitercentumatqueirtginta.’ Thereisltiltedoubtthatthef‘abulaeVarronianae’arethosewhichhavecomedowntouswtihtheadditionof thedulaViairethneetwbetoslsawhcihw,venehtcneutirsesixthandtheelrraVs’oocesdnTh.nueermbfo class,consisitngofthosepiecesthatstoodinmostotfheindicesandexhibitedPlautinefeatures,Rtischlhas ifxedatnineteen,rfomctiaitonsinVarrode lingua Latinasedi.Bnepenuihegestyslahetamnoeshtfytriowt-others are known. The extant plays[6]are as follows: 1.ihpmAourt, atragicomoedia,tlnyehooflpyastuauPlkhetoforP.dni,95.l ‘Faciamutconmixtasithaecrtagicomoedia.’ Theoriginalandthedateareunknown.TheplayshowsthefeaturesoftheSicliianRhinthonica[.7]About threehundredilneshavebeenlostafterAc.tiv,.Scene2.ThesceneisThebes,which,wtihRoman carelessnessorignorance,ismadeaharbou;rcf.ll.629sqq. 2 .Aisanira (sc.fabulaehtνΟ᾽ςόγαfo,)omfrbeehavetoosedusppsu,hplieDomwNeehtforetirwan Comedy.Pro.l10-12, ‘Huic nomen Graece Onagost fabulae; Demophilusscirpsti,Macciusvorttibarbare. Asinairamvoltesse,sipervosilce.t’ AuthortiiesassigntheplaytoaboutB.C.194. The scene is Athens. 3.Aulularia(fromaulula.nFnkwoisitnoromtcaxeehtronlasipoomcofeimtto’.—)eNilttelpeoriginitherth,a‘ Megadorus tirade against the luxury of women, ll. 478sqq,.erftsawyawneairtttharredepltthhtibsaneeefni’ therepealotfheOppianLawinB.C.heAt.nsnecesiT.tsehsiysoltheplaeendof159.hT 4.Captiv,i(tseretniectivutaithocewpeiatatsiaar), without female characters, and claiming a moral purpose; l. 1029, ‘Spectatores, ad pudicos mores facta haec fabulast.’ Someauthoritiesthinkthattheparasite(Ergasilus)isanaddiitontotheoriginalpla,ywhichmayhave belongedtotheNewComed.yThesceneisinAetoila. 5.rculCuoidrflaelosc,ehT.etisarapehtofeamnhetomnw;ubtsiuknonriginalGreekoanic86taon.ll2-46 speechfromtheChoragus,inthestyleoftheπαράβασιςotfheOldComedy.In.l509, ‘Rogitationes plurumas propter vos populus scivit quasvosrogatasrumpiits,’ thereisprobablyanallusiontotheLexSemproniadepecuniacredtia,B.C.193. The scene is Epidaurus. 6.Casinarilnirtdocude.Theoriginalwas,cosellafrdaomlas-gve13,lo.ηλΚehtιονεμύορphDifoPr.usil ‘Clerumenoe vocatur haec comoedia Graece,LaitneSoritentes.Deiphilus hancGraecescirpsti.’ Theinferencerfoml.979,‘NamecastornuncBacchaenullaeludunt’,thattheplaywaswrittenatfertheS.C. de Bacchanalibus inB.C.186, is improbable; the words rather show, as Mommsen[8]roiretveieelbannas, date,whenitwasnotyetdangeroustospeakoftheBacchanaila.Someauthoritiesfindsuppotrforthelatter dateinthewordsoftheprologue,ll.9-20(writtenafterthepoe’tsdeath.)Thetextoftheplayhassuffered greatly. The scene is Athens. 7.tsleiCaalirthewaragainstHnainablhtnegngoin;ol.l971.T—ayplshiintaonceferasotecnersqq,. ‘Bene valete, et vincite virtutevera,quodfecisitsanitdhac,... utvobisvictiPoenipoenassufferan.t’ According to Ritschl, about 600 verses have been lost. The scene is Sicyon. 8 .Epidicus.—This play is referred to in theBacchides12-3ll.opek5s(,hehewtrelasy,)suybnrhCunpopulairtyoftheplayisattributedtotheacitngofPelilo. ‘Non res, sed actor mihi cor odio sauciat. Etiam Epidicum, quam ego fabulam aeque ac me ipsum amo, nullamaequeinvitusspecto,siagtiPellio’. Epid.222, ‘Sedvestita,aurata,ornatautlepide!utconcinne!utnove!’etc., showsthatthepiecewaswrittenatfertherepealoftheLexOppiaSumptuaira,B.C.195. The plot is compilcated,andntamcooinitausemssaipehyaleitiT.saueorthbydomserdnadevnuhdnonlysecontains thtriyt-hreeilnes,andsomebelievetitobeastageedition.ThesceneisAthens. 9.Bacchideslasttheithngwtehtfopra.—fthisplay,alohTeifsrtaptroAluiaarul,[9]othebashslasa,tsolnee prefacesofthegrammarians,sothatwedonotknowwhatwasinthefristpart.Theoriginalwasprobably Menander’sΔὶςἐξαπατῶν.Plautusappearstorefertothistwicel,.1090, ‘Perii:pudet.Hocinemeaetaitsludos bis factumesse indigne’; l. 1128, Polhodieatleraiambis detonsa.tostcer ‘ ’ The line, ὃν οἱ θεοὶ φιλοῦσιν, ἀποθνῄσκει νέος , which belongs to the same play (Stobaeus,Serm. 120, 8) is translatedinll.816-7, ‘quem di diligunt adulescensmoritur’. Thedateisprettywellfixedby.l1073, ‘Quodnonrtiumpho:pervolgatumst,nlimoror’. Now,tirumphswerenotrfequenttlilaftertheSecondPunicWa,randwereespeciallyrfequentfromB.C.197 to 187.TheplayprobablyreferstothefourirtumphsofB.C.189, and may have been brought out in that or the following year. The scene is Athens. 10.Mostellaria(sc.fabulamfrost,’deylap‘a,ohgahtiwgnilamostellum, dim. ofmnorustmeThaypl.—)siquotedbyFestus,p.166,as‘Mostellaria;’pp.162and305,as‘Phasma.’AccordingtoRtischl,theΦάσμαof Philemon was Plautus’ model. The reference tontueexaicotagnu(lctiiaAsnwehta,eetdaaltoints)po.42 luxurywasgrowingcommon.TheplayisimtiatedinBenJonson’sAlchemis.tThe scene is Athens. 11.Menaechmi.—If ll. 409sqq.cnun..,tsoreiHwrewe’ienttrineeddnpebytnyltus,Plau,S‘rycasuis...ubirex. the date must be beforeB.C.215; but the reference may only mean that the Greek original was composed between 275 and 215B.C.ομ)ιsebtahIhatacomedybynecnoejtcrudetlyibalcdleδυΔίisoPppid(sussop wastheorigina,lfromAthenaeus,ix.vp.658,οὐδὲγὰρἂνεὕροιτιςὑμῶνδοῦλόντιναμάγειρονἐνκωμῳδίᾳ πλὴν παρὰ Ποσειδίππῳ μόνῳ . Now, theMenaechmiis the only play of Plautus where a cook is a house-slave,ClyindrusbeingtheslaveofErotium;inhisotherplayscooksarehiredrfomtheForum.Thesceneis Epidamnus. 12.GesilMsusoirol-2(211onlytheosanpreulislla.llnI—.ionPlntuau,s) ‘Nam os columnatum poetae esse indaudivi barbaro, quoibinicustodessempertotishoirsoccubant’ , wehaveareferencetotheimpirsonmentofNaevius,whichshowsthattheplaywaswirttenbeforehis banishment, probablyB.C.206-5 (ees‘rednuNaevius’rahcemu’,s,umhsiumaracB0161,C‘deoisng).LineshowsthattheplayisanteriortoB.C.186. TheoirginalistheἈλαζώνofsomeGreekpoe.tC.fl.l86-7, ‘Alazon Graece huic nomen est comoediae: idnosLaitnegloirosumdicimus.’ Theplay,howeve,rexhibitsoitainamntcondthetci).adeursA(wT.nitsidoctioctathens,itgnhcaecSleof cheatingotfheMlies(Actsii.andiii).,areuntiedratherloosely;andtihasbeenconjecturedthatMenander’s Κόλαξ,or(accordingtoRitsch)lDiphilus’Αἱρησιτείχης,wastheplayused.Rtischl’sviewisperhaps suppotredbythewordurbicapeehlsittsnoegT5.051ylaphe.lnipalliatapreserved. The scene is Ephesus. 13.MercatoralisPhilemon’s—.hTerogini,65-.ll;οςορμπἜ ‘Graece haec vocatur Emporos Philemonis; eademLatineMercatorMaccitiT.i ’ Somelightisthrownonthedatebyll.524-6. ‘L.n,obadnnamataagexsos,tainvOibiemtllamecci peculiarem.P.Mei senex, tam vetulam?L.Generis Graeci est. Eamseicurabeis,perbonas;ttondeturnimiumsctie.’ This could not have been written beforeB.C.foethethtedaotnrGfttesemel169,wshoratsceeceehT.lpesya oftwodistinctediitons.ThesceneisAthens. 14.Pseudolus.eeGreThn.Tknowatehedginikrosnulaiioct(npofduroB.C.sitog)191il,adidascafromthe — asrestoredbyRitsch,l‘M.IunioMf..lipr.urb.actaMegalesiis’.TheMegalesiangameswereheldinthatyear in honour of the dedication of the temple which had been vowed to Cybele,B.C..xvi.36)(042xx,vyLi ‘Pseudolus’ = Ψευδύλος, but is connected by popular etymology withdolusnusehp.ft.C,0512.lin ‘Edepol hominem verberonem Pseudolum, ut docte dolum commentus’t; l. 1244, ‘SuperavtidolumTroianumatqueUlixemPseudolus.’ Several references to the play are found in Cicero:Cato Maior, 50 (quotedp. 9;)Pih.l5;1i.ipro Rosc. Com. 20. The scene is Athens. 1 5 .Poenulusrohtuaeht,ςοιknunsichhiwofrGeesalawiganηδόνΚαρχay,kpl.T—ehoirhtewo,nas fragmentsofMenander’sΚαρχηδόινοςdonotftiinwithPlautus’play.TheplaywascalledbyPlautus ‘Partuus’butposteritywentbacktotheoldername‘Poenulus’.Prol.53, , ‘Carchedonius vocatur haec comoedia Graece,LaitnePatruusPultiphagonidae[’.10] AuthoitiresassigntheplaytoB.C.is considerably interpolated, one ending being at l. 1371,189. The play anotheratl.1422,whencesomeauthoitireshaveconsideredll.1372-1422asspuirous.Rtischlthinksthat thetwoendingsareaboutthesameage,andcomparesthedoubleendingotfheAndriaof Terence. The play isnotedforthetwoCatrhaginianrenderingsofthesollioquyofHanno,l.l930-9,andll.940-9.Thesceneis Calydon in Aetolia. 16.Persalpya,ht.T—ihsoalwhforeinigonkn,nwhciusiiousvarbeenhasot1endssgiyla861nda97B.C.The playshowsrtacesoftwodistincteditions.ThesceneisAthens. 17.Rudens.—This play has been assigned to aboutB.C.sisehenecas;tndipDluhihT.291inigorebysial Cyrene.Prol,.1.32, ‘PirmumdumhuicessenomenurbiDiphlius Cyrenas voluit.’ 18.Stichusdeofmrpre,B.C.200ludis plebeis, as we learn from the didascalia, ‘Graeca Adelphoe Menandru actaludisplebeisCn.BaebioC.Terentioaed.pl....C.SulpicioC.Aureilocoss’.ThiscannotbetheAdelphi imitated by Terence, the fragments of which do not bear the least resemblance to theStichus. It may be a secondAdelphianenMbynebeshaylaphettniaehevobdidcaasa.liarPofted.rOhtreserda‘Philadelphoe’los,tandtishowstracesoftwodisitnctedtiions.ThesceneisAthens. 19.rTinummusThenecaussaurcslaidadG‘arai,fensesethmroσηΘs’noa,ςόρυαshPlimeiganlaw—Theori. PhliemonisactaludisMegalensibus’.Someindicaitonofthedateisgotfroml.990, ‘Vapulabismeoarbirtatudetnovorumaedliium’. The only festival that would suit the termselideavinois theludi Megalenses[11]romasfB.C.266 to 153 the newmagistratesenteredonofifceontheIdesofMarch.ThisfestivalwasnotofasceniccharactertlilB.C. 194, consequently theTrinummusehT.etanoitnemteafebdatthrl.snilaos452Syrioflaveanskamseumts tiprobablethatthisisoneofthelatestworksofPlautus.ThesceneisAthens. 20.Truculentusown.unknisinalrogihTe—.agdol’barope,uobaylbtplaTheswrywannitiettusuPalB.C.189. Thetexthassufferedgreatl.yThesceneisAthens. 21.iViarluadpalyaceldnoaδίαbylledΣχεotthguohtsitIelodmenbeeavhgaemyrfO—ln.nt.extaarentsMenande.r Argumenta.—These are iniarsen,iirfsstaetreeofsraTehnu.dlay.chpsetTwoammusaaefoyrvegidan acrostic, and are extant for all the plays except theairaludiV and theBacchides.aseswesirnodsceTeh probablywirttenbySulpiciusApollinarisinthesecondcenturyA.D.There are only five of them extant in the MSS,.and fragments of other two. Prologues.—These (which were usual in the Old and the New Comedy) gave the name of the piece and the autho,rtheoriginalandtisauthor,thesceneofthepla,yandaparitalilstofcharacters.IntheProloguealso thepoetoftenaskedthefavouroftheaudience.Prologuestofoutreenplaysareextant.Thepatrofthe prologuePlautus(ilketheNewComedy)assignedeithertoagod,asintheRudensto Arcturus, or to one of the characters, as in theMercatorc(.ftuhaoytoMi .landAmph.rotcanaotro,)inuaidneecingtheaddress the name of the poet, as in theTruculentustilapoertbu,ondereffutnimorfogueprolvessha.htelAlhtsoefo Amph,.Merc.,Rud., andT ir n,.and the second parts of those ofM li.andAul,.are founded on what Plautus wrote. The prologues inCas,.Poen,.andCap,.tare due to later hands. That the prologues are interpolated is shownbytheridiction;thewitisotfenpoo,randthelanguageun-Plautine,orimitatedcloselyfromPlautus’ genuineworks.Theprologuesintheripresentformprobablydaterfomapeirodshorltyafterthatinwhich Terencelfouirshed,whentherewasawantofnewplays,andpeoplewentbacktoPlautus.Thisisshownby thereferencestoifxedseatsforthespectators(Poen.15,Amph.65, andCapt.11), which were forbidden by a S.C. passed inB.C.54,1CaswhenLnoissusebigundliutanagbotstfe—onatheoretawsanaalwhtot repealedtillsomeyearslater.C.f.ptCa11, ‘Negathercleilleutlimisaccensus.Cedito: sinonubisedeaslocuses,testubiambules.’ The Acts.rbwskaeud,gnirenwontitwfehlPuautsrpbobayl—Theplaysofwerencedueiehahctwih entertainedwtihmusic.C.fPseud.573, ‘iTbicenvosintereahicdelectavetir’. DiverbiumandCanitcum.—There was no chorus in Roman comedy, but part of the play was set to music andsungtothelfute.SomeMSS.denotehtsibyCC(naitibcimavorelny(VDelihw;)mucoedacplylluaus senairi)denotesdialogueorsoilloquy(Diverbium.)Iambicsenairiwerespoken;othermertesweresung;but the scenes in septenarii stood midway between the dialogue and thecanmucituobaylnO.fothurfoatPlautus’versesareiniambicsenair,iwhileinTerence,whofollowedMenanderinthisrespec,tabouthaflof the verses are in this form. The Characters.onofslexceptiacisnolahhtecoe,esitwTh—iastkrtrGeetbihiexdan,anmoR-nuera,seva belongingtoAthensofthetimeoftheNewComedy.Plautus,unlikeTerence,usuallyatlersthenamesusedin theoirginalGreekplays,andsubstitutest‘elt-lalenames’;soParmeno(παραμένων,)t‘hefaithfulslave;’ Polemo,t‘hesoldier’;Misargyirdes,playfullyforthetarpessita(ban.Thker)emseanfoetraeatLofnin derivaiton;thusSaturio,inPers.; Peniculus, inMenaech.; Curculio, inCurc. The Language of Plautushetofeitspni,e,rssumysaplahsiersskedGerelliathysestneserpetnes conversationallanguageofhistime.ManyGreekfeaturesinlanguageare,however,retained.Forwordskept in the original Greek cf. παῦσαι, οἴχεται, εὖγε, πάλιν, ἐπιθήκην (all in theTrin.); for Greek words Latinized cf. gynaeceum,satiprasu,opsonium,daispsilήλιψαδ=rof;)ςnidbrhymaorfew(sedonGtionsbaerkec.f thensaurairus,plagipatidae,opsonari,pultiphagus. References to manners and customs.—(aecnereferynaM)mhteroginila,eartareedinrofotserGlkeefi especiallyinmattersrelaitngtodress,atr,andmoney(PlautushasnoreferencetoRomanmoney).Suchare chlamys,petasus,palluim,cyathus,cantharus,oprmhetmuilo,cerussa,melinum (pigmentum,) gynaeceum,balineae,ambulacrum,porticus,fores Samiae (Menaech.17,8)nummus (= drachma or didrachma),hPipiliepnumm,imina,tarpessita,symbolus,epistulaslo.fa.CPseud.146-7, ‘UtnepeirsrtomataquidemaequepictasintCampanica, nequeAlexandrinabeluatatonsiliatappetia’. (bdannnmaserdannamlbuplciefiuctsmo,seevnniareerThevowhe,)rencrefeoRoestniunre,lbeemar passagesmanifestlyclosetotheoirgina,latlhoughreferencestopubliceventsarerare. 1.ssersnoiyratpxeliMi.eduacneiofdnarleraudaepstedwweriehhwcealcmialnayylof,e—mTahtehsper,o mostofwhomhadseenserivce.ThefollowingarerfomtheM li es:legiones,imperator,llpeditaste,irogare, lartocinair,stipendium,nocircsereb,contubernales,eques,pedes,machinas parareosla.fC.Pseud.148, ‘Dederamquesuasprovincias;’ Pseud.572, ‘Dumconcenturioincordesycophanitas’; Bacch.709, ‘Deducenitsnummisprimumintendamballistaminsenem: eabalilstasipervortamturirmetpropugnacula, rectaportainvadamextemploinoppidumanitquometvetus’. Allreferences,howeve,rtotheenrolmentofmercenaires(roatlens) are probably Greek and belong to the oirginalpla.y 2 .Potiliexprcalons.essi—(a) Names of officials, etc. Sortrivsei,quaestor,aedilis,praetor,senatus. C .f Trin.879, ‘Censusquomsumiuratorriecterationemded’i; Pseud.1232, ‘Centuiratahabuitcapiitscomiita’. (b) Law. Soadvocatus(M li.663),festuca(Mil.96,1)lageetogi(Mil.453 .) C .fMenaech.57(on1-95orsnpta and clients);Trin.500-4, where Roman terms ofstipulatioare used. 3.alities.seitavsladnlFcoarr.eramExesplsectotesehera—Referen:aerMi .l691, ‘Da,mivir,Calendismeamquimatremmoenerem;’ Trin.545, ‘Campansgenus;’ T ir n.609, ‘Tammodo,inqutiPraenesitnus.’ Mil.359, ‘Credoegoistocexemploitbiessepereundumexrtapotram;’ areferencetotheEsquiilnegate,outsidewhichslaveswereexecuted. 4.eativPr.felierefseeseaercnostlremtheytoTh—whomPlas,withtusuwsassla,esowlcersylevalepselaic veryfamiilar.Hencewordsreferirngtohouseholdduties,aspromus,suppromus,ce ll a,cellarius,verna, pulmentum rf( omM li).gphrasesforchtaioslaosblenoitae,gnekilTopirhetemungere,intervortere, sarcinam imponere,ducere,ductare,duumrccierec, and the very large number of words relating to punishmen,tas:reficruf,verbero,suicilppuarrgvimum,riigsuvsriva,talos frangere,crux,verberea statua (Pseud.911);nmsauimlfgairgy(Asin.297). Cf. alsoEpid.17, ‘Quidais?perpetuenvaluisti?—Varie’. Fromslaveilfecomealsotermsofabuseilkeiusvoltur,scelus,odium populi,mers mala,lapis,saxum. NotethatcrueltyintherteatmentofslavesispeculialryRoman;buttheirfamiilaritywtihtheirmastersandtheri general situation are from Greek life. Prosody.[12],hwsanrasepcehepopulundintotitualP—osorpenicwh,dyecflrehhteetdtaoiavirquanofyfontit propelryunderstoodeveninCicero’sitme. Cf. Cic.O.r,C‘148tilimisretporpiiarensumoricomsicsaepesuntadunimesreominsuamqmceibuitontunn ivxineisnumerusetversusintelleiossit’.