Comment-AMCC-II.c-Passengers

Edmund Michael

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File: < http://www.secureav.com/Comment-AMCC-II.c-Passengers.pdf >Last Updated: July 22, 2005THE AVIATORS’MODEL CODE OF CONDUCT (AMCC), available at < http://www.secureav.com >.©2005 Terms of Use, available at < http://www.secureav.com/terms.pdf >.About the Commentary: The Commentary addresses selected issues within the Code of Conduct toelaborate on their meaning, provide interpretive guidance, and suggest ways of adopting the Code ofConduct. It is intended primarily for implementers, policy administrators, aviation associationmanagement, and pilots who wish to explore the Code in greater depth, and will be updated from time totime. Please send your edits, errata, and comments to . Terms of Use are availableat .COMMENTARY TOAMCC II.c - PASSENGERS AND PEOPLE ON THE SURFACEc. Brief Passengers on Planned Flight Procedures, and Inform Them of AnySignificant or Unusual Risks Associated with the Intended Flight,1GA culture tends to downplay risk disclosure, not only to passengers but even to pilots.Consider this quote from John King:Right now we are in denial. We must quit lying to pilots. We must tell pilots thataviation is risky. Other industries do a pretty good job of this already. If you gohorseback riding or take scuba lessons you will be given a form to sign that says thatthere are risks involved, you may be seriously injured or killed, and if it happens toyou, we told you so. . . . Yet when new ...

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• Publié par: Nichor
• Nombre de lectures: 99
• Langue: English

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LastUpdated:July22,2005
T
HE
A
VIATORS

M
ODEL
C
ODEOF
C
ONDUCT
(AMCC),
availableat
<
http://www.secureav.com
>.
©2005TermsofUse,
availableat
<
http://www.secureav.com/terms.pdf
>.

AbouttheCommentary
:
TheCommentaryaddressesselectedissueswithintheCodeofConductto
elaborateontheirmeaning,provideinterpretiveguidance,andsuggestwaysofadoptingtheCodeof
Conduct.Itisintendedprimarilyforimplementers,policyadministrators,aviationassociation
management,andpilotswhowishtoexploretheCodeingreaterdepth,andwillbeupdatedfromtimeto
time.Pleasesendyouredits,errata,andcommentsto<
[e-mail]
>.TermsofUseareavailable
at<
http://secureav.com/terms.pdf
>.

C
OMMENTARYTO
AMCCII.c-
P
ASSENGERSAND
P
EOPLEONTHE
S
URFACE

c.BriefPassengersonPlannedFlightProcedures,andInformThemofAny
SignificantorUnusualRisksAssociatedwiththeIntendedFlight,

GAculturetendstodownplayriskdisclosure,notonlytopassengersbuteventopilots.
1
ConsiderthisquotefromJohnKing:
Rightnowweareindenial.Wemustquitlyingtopilots.Wemusttellpilotsthat
aviationisrisky.Otherindustriesdoaprettygoodjobofthisalready.Ifyougo
horsebackridingortakescubalessonsyouwillbegivenaformtosignthatsaysthat
therearerisksinvolved,youmaybeseriouslyinjuredorkilled,andifithappensto
you,wetoldyouso....Yetwhennewpilotsshowupattheairporttotakeflying
lessons,wetellthem
flyingisperfectlysafe
.
2
Notsurprisingly,formanyGApilots,disclosingriskstopassengersisanythingbutapriority.As
oneaviationexpertputit:Pilotsshouldinformpassengersofwhattheycandotohelp
themselvesandthepilotintheeventofanemergency.[But]thereisnoobligationofinformed
consentwhenitcomestoridinginaplane.Thefactthatthey[passengers]areincapableof
makinganinformeddecisionisnotmy[thepilots]problem.Ifyouwanttolearntherisksof
flight,gotoflightschool.
3
And,indeed,becausenon-commercialGApassengersarenot
necessarilyconsumersunderthelaw(atleastwithregardtoconsumerdisclosureregulations),a
4GApilotsfailuretodisclosematerialrisksmaynotnecessarilyprovidespecialremedies.
Suchviewsnotwithstanding,theAMCCstressesthatrecommendedpracticesforPart91
operationswouldbenefitbyvoluntarilyexceedingconformancetoairlineandcharterdisclosure
requirements,inpartbecausemostPart91operationscanberiskierthanairlineorcharter
operations.Asoneaviationtrainingexpertasserts,notonlyisitmorehonesttotellpassengers
thattherearerisksinvolvedinflyinginsmallplanes,butsuchdisclosureisalsomorecredible
andthereforemorecomforting.
5
Also,apilotsaifluretoensurethathis...passengerwas
advisedofaknownhazardisindicativeofanundisciplinedapproachtoriskmanagement.
6
Therearelegitimateexceptionstotheresponsibilitytodisclose,ofcourse,includingwhere
disclosuremayimperilflightsafety(suchaswhenapilotreasonablydeterminesthatapassenger
7isirrationalandmaybecomeunrulyorotherwisedisruptive)orwhenapassengeris
incapacitatedoraninfant.Butforthemajorityofpassengers,theAMCCrecommendsalevelof
riskdisclosureinGAthatmayexceedcustomarypractices.
AssumptionofRiskbyPassengers
Passengersshouldnotberequiredtoassumeundue
riskinparticipatinginGAactivities.Apassengeroughttoberequiredonlytoassumetheusual
andordinary(exceptwhereadefectinconstructionoradjustmentofaircraftisobvious)perilsof

1

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LastUpdated:July22,2005
T
HE
A
VIATORS

M
ODEL
C
ODEOF
C
ONDUCT
(AMCC),
availableat
<
http://www.secureav.com
>.
©2005TermsofUse,
availableat
<
http://www.secureav.com/terms.pdf
>.
airtransport,relyinguponairworthinessofmachines,fullcompetencyofpersonnel,andthelike
[particularlysinceit]islargelytherepresentationsofthe[airplanes]ownerandoperatorwhich
induce[thepassenger]togoupinthefirstplace.
8
Asoneaviationexpertexplains,The
importantthingisthatwelearntothinkthroughtherisks,andifwedecidetotakeonethatisa
tadabovenorm,totakeitwithfullknowledgeand
explainittopassengerssotheycantakethe
nextbusiftheydontliketheris
.
k

9
Assumptionofriskbyminorsisparticularlyvexingand
tenuousbecauseoflimitationsontheirlegalcapacitytoconsent.
10
PassengerBriefing

FARPart91generallyrequireslittlemorethanthatpassenger
briefingsaddresssafetybelts,shoulderharnesses,childrestraintsystems,useofportable
electronicdevices
11
andemergencydooroperation.Flightswithcertainhigher-riskprofiles,such
asthoseathigheraltitudes
12
oroverwaterbeyondglidingrangetoshore,
13
mayrequirefurther
briefing.Additionalbriefingisalsorequiredforlargeandturbine-poweredmultiengineaircraft
andseaplanes.
14
AprintedcardcontainingapassengerbriefingisrequiredforParts121and135butnotPart91
operations.
15
Allpreflightbriefingsrequiredbylawdonotprovidepassengerswithaflightrisk
analysis,noraretheyintendedto.
16
Nonetheless,theAMCCpositsthatapilotsobligationsto
71briefpassengerstranscendsuchlimitationstoinclude(atleast)a
moral
obligation.Thisstance
isreflectedintheideathatriskdisclosureisapassengerright.Forexample,considerthe
followingpublicationbytheAlaskanAviationSafetyFoundation.
PassengersBillofRights
Asapassengeryou
ARE
entitledtoaskyourpilot:

haveyoucheckedtheweightandbalanceoftheaircraft?

haveyoucheckedthetakeoffandlandingperformancechartsfortheaircraft
atthisweightandfortheairfieldsconcerned?

haveyouobtainedaweatherforecast?

haveyousubmittedaflightplan?

areyoucorrectlylicensed,ratedandcurrentforthisflight?e.g.areyou
qualifiedtoflyinclouds?

istheaircraftfullyserviceable?

areyoufullyserviceableandwithindutytimelimits?

areyoucarryinganEmergencyLocatorTransmitterandsurvivalequipment?

shouldImakealternativetransportationarrangementsordelaycommitments
toallowforweatherproblems?
Source:AlaskanAviationSafetyFoundation
18
AdequateDisclosure
-
Adequate
disclosure

sufficienttohelppassengersmake
meaningfuldecisions
19
aboutwhethertoparticipateinaparticularflight

mayrequiredisclosing
therelativerisksassociatedwith:
20
i.over-wateroperations(especiallyifthereisnotapprovedflotationgearavailableforeach
occupant),
21
night-timeoperations,
22
andflightsoverruggedterrain,
23
ii.apilotslimitedflighttimeorexperience(relativetotheintendedflightandflight
conditions),
24
andpersonal(physical,mentalorlegal)limitations,
25
iii.inoperativeinstrumentsandequipment,
26
iv.inclementweather,
27

2

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T
HE
A
VIATORS

M
ODEL
C
ODEOF
C
ONDUCT
(AMCC),
availableat
<
http://www.secureav.com
>.
©2005TermsofUse,
availableat
<
http://www.secureav.com/terms.pdf
>.
v.
flyingathigheraltitudes,forpassengerswithheightenedsensitivitytohypoxia(even
wheretheplannedmaximumaltitudedoesnotrequiretheprovisionofoxygento
passengers),
28
vi.flyingwithchildren,theinfirm,andpregnantwomen,
29
vii.unreasonablelimitationsonorabsenceofinsurancecoveringpassengers,
30
viii.faili
3
n
1
gtomakeavailableorrequiringtheuseofheadsetstominimizepassengerhearing
lossandimprovepassengersabilitytohearpilotinstructions,
ix.preparingforemergencysituations,
32
includingincapacitationofthepilot,
33
x.forcedlandings,
34
xi.experimentalaircraft,
35
xii.aerobaticoperations,
36
and
xiii.groundoperations.
37
ASamplePassengerBriefing
-
ASamplePassengerBriefingandFlightRules
(SPB)is
availableat<
http://www.secureav.com
>
.
38
TheSPBmayprovidemanybenefits,including:

enhancingflightsafetybyfamiliarizingpassengerswithproperproceduresandpilot
expectationsofpassengerconduct,

satisfying(orexceeding)FAAandotherdisclosurerequirementsforpassengerbriefings,

makingpassengersfeelbetterpreparedandmoreincontrol,

reasonablylimitingpassengerexpectations,

preparingpassengerstomakeapersonalgo/nogodecision(and,correspondingly,to
assumecertainrisks)bydisclosingmaterialflightrisks,and

possibly
helpingtomanagepilotexposuretoliabilityintheeventofanaccident.
D
RAFTING
C
ONSIDERATIONS
:

Material
Risks:Somereviewersmaintainedthatitisinfeasibleandunnecessaryto
informpassengersof
anysignificantorunusualrisks
ofanintendedflightbecause
thereareaninfinitenumberofpotentialrisksand,theyargue,passengersare
incapableofappreciatingallrisks.OtherreviewersarguedthatbecausetheAMCC
isintendedtobeinterpretedreasonably,
39
qualifyingthetexttorequireonlythe
disclosureof
material
risksisunnecessaryandthatthesubjectrisksshouldinstead
bedesignatedas
commonandusual
.

**1
Iwillalwayswonderatwhatpointonepilot