The Project Gutenberg EBook of New Latin Grammar, by Charles E. BennettThis eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and withalmost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away orre-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License includedwith this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.netTitle: New Latin GrammarAuthor: Charles E. BennettRelease Date: April 20, 2005 [EBook #15665]Language: EnglishCharacter set encoding: Unicode UTF-8*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW LATIN GRAMMAR ***Produced by Nathan Gibson, Keith Edkins and the OnlineDistributed Proofreading Team.NEW LATIN GRAMMARBYCHARLES E. BENNETTGoldwin Smith Professor of Latin in Cornell University _Quicquid praecipies, esto brevis, ut cito dicta_ _Percipiant animi dociles teneantque fideles:_ _Omne supervacuum pleno de pectore manat._ --HORACE, _Ars Poetica_.COPYRIGHT, 1895; 1908; 1918 BY CHARLES E. BENNETT * * * * *PREFACE.The present work is a revision of that published in 1908. No radicalalterations have been introduced, although a number of minor changes willbe noted. I have added an Introduction on the origin and development of theLatin language, which it is hoped will prove interesting and instructive tothe more ambitious pupil. At the end of the book will be found an Index tothe Sources of the Illustrative Examples cited in the Syntax.C.E.B.ITHACA, NEW YORK,May 4, 1918 * * ...
The Project Gutenberg EBook of New Latin Grammar, by Charles E. Bennett
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net
Title: New Latin Grammar
Author: Charles E. Bennett
Release Date: April 20, 2005 [EBook #15665]
Language: English
Character set encoding: Unicode UTF-8
*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW LATIN GRAMMAR ***
Produced by Nathan Gibson, Keith Edkins and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team.
NEW LATIN GRAMMAR
BY
CHARLES E. BENNETT
Goldwin Smith Professor of Latin in Cornell University
_Quicquid praecipies, esto brevis, ut cito dicta_
_Percipiant animi dociles teneantque fideles:_
_Omne supervacuum pleno de pectore manat._
--HORACE, _Ars Poetica_.
COPYRIGHT, 1895; 1908; 1918 BY CHARLES E. BENNETT
* * * * *
PREFACE.
The present work is a revision of that published in 1908. No radical
alterations have been introduced, although a number of minor changes will
be noted. I have added an Introduction on the origin and development of the
Latin language, which it is hoped will prove interesting and instructive to
the more ambitious pupil. At the end of the book will be found an Index to
the Sources of the Illustrative Examples cited in the Syntax.
C.E.B.
ITHACA, NEW YORK,
May 4, 1918
* * * * *
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.The present book is a revision of my _Latin Grammar_ originally published
in 1895. Wherever greater accuracy or precision of statement seemed
possible, I have endeavored to secure this. The rules for syllable division
have been changed and made to conform to the prevailing practice of the
Romans themselves. In the Perfect Subjunctive Active, the endings _-īs_,
_-īmus_, _-ītis_ are now marked long. The theory of vowel length before the
suffixes -gnus, -gna, -gnum, and also before j, has been discarded. In the
Syntax I have recognized a special category of Ablative of Association, and
have abandoned the original doctrine as to the force of tenses in the
Prohibitive.
Apart from the foregoing, only minor and unessential modifications have
been introduced. In its main lines the work remains unchanged.
ITHACA, NEW YORK,
October 16, 1907.
* * * * *
FROM THE PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.
The object of this book is to present _the essential facts_ of Latin
grammar in a direct and simple manner, and within the smallest compass
consistent with scholarly standards. While intended primarily for the
secondary school, it has not neglected the needs of the college student,
and aims to furnish such grammatical information as is ordinarily required
in undergraduate courses.
The experience of foreign educators in recent years has tended to restrict
the size of school-grammars of Latin, and has demanded an incorporation of
the main principles of the language in compact manuals of 250 pages. Within
the past decade, several grammars of this scope have appeared abroad which
have amply met the most exacting demands.
The publication in this country of a grammar of similar plan and scope
seems fully justified at the present time, as all recent editions of
classic texts summarize in introductions the special idioms of grammar and
style peculiar to individual authors. This makes it feasible to dispense
with the enumeration of many _minutiae_ of usage which would otherwise
demand consideration in a student's grammar.
In the chapter on Prosody, I have designedly omitted all special treatment
of the lyric metres of Horace and Catullus, as well as of the measures of
the comic poets. Our standard editions of these authors all give such
thorough consideration to versification that repetition in a separate place
seems superfluous.
ITHACA, NEW YORK,
December 15, 1894.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Introduction--The Latin language
PART I.
SOUNDS, ACCENT, QUANTITY, ETC.
The Alphabet § 1
Classification of Sounds § 2
Sounds of the Letters § 3
Syllables § 4
Quantity § 5
Accent § 6 Vowel Changes § 7
Consonant Changes § 8
Peculiarities of Orthography § 9
PART II.
INFLECTIONS.
CHAPTER I.--_Declension._
A. NOUNS. § 10
Gender of Nouns § 13
Number § 16
Cases § 17
The Five Declensions § 18
First Declension § 20
Second Declension § 23
Third Declension § 28
Fourth Declension § 48
Fifth Declension § 51
Defective Nouns § 54
B. ADJECTIVES. § 62
Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions § 63
Adjectives of the Third Declension § 67
Comparison of Adjectives § 71
Formation and Comparison of Adverbs § 76
Numerals § 78
C. PRONOUNS. § 82
Personal Pronouns § 84
Reflexive Pronouns § 85
Possessive Pronouns § 86
Demonstrative Pronouns § 87
The Intensive Pronoun § 88
The Relative Pronoun § 89
Interrogative Pronouns § 90
Indefinite Pronouns § 91
Pronominal Adjectives § 92
CHAPTER II.--_Conjugation. § 93_
Verb Stems § 97
The Four Conjugations § 98
Conjugation of _Sum_ § 100
First Conjugation § 101
Second Conjugation § 103
Third Conjugation § 105
Fourth Conjugation § 107
Verbs in _-iō_ of the Third Conjugation § 109
Deponent Verbs § 112
Semi-Deponents § 114
Periphrastic Conjugation § 115
Peculiarities of Conjugation § 116
Formation of the Verb Stems § 117
List of the Most Important Verbs with Principal Parts § 120
Irregular Verbs § 124
Defective Verbs § 133
Impersonal Verbs § 138
PART III.PARTICLES. § 139
Adverbs § 140
Prepositions § 141
Interjections § 145
PART IV.
WORD FORMATION.
I. DERIVATIVES. § 146
Nouns § 147
Adjectives § 150
Verbs § 155
Adverbs § 157
II. COMPOUNDS. § 158
Examples of Compounds § 159
PART V.
SYNTAX.
CHAPTER I.--_Sentences._
Classification of Sentences § 161
Form of Interrogative Sentences § 162
Subject and Predicate § 163
Simple and Compound Sentences § 164
CHAPTER II.--_Syntax of Nouns._
Subject § 166
Predicate Nouns § 167
Appositives § 169
The Nominative § 170
The Accusative § 172
The Dative § 186
The Genitive § 194
The Ablative § 213
The Locative § 232
CHAPTER III.--_Syntax of Adjectives._
Agreement of Adjectives § 234
Adjectives used Substantively § 236
Adjectives with the Force of Adverbs § 239
Comparatives and Superlatives § 240
Other Peculiarities § 241
CHAPTER IV.--_Syntax of Pronouns._
Personal Pronouns § 242
Possessive Pronouns § 243
Reflexive Pronouns § 244
Reciprocal Pronouns § 245
Demonstrative Pronouns § 246
Relative Pronouns § 250
Indefinite Pronouns § 252
Pronominal Adjectives § 253 CHAPTER V.--_Syntax of Verbs._
Agreement of Verbs § 254
Voices § 256
Tenses
-- Of the Indicative § 257
-- Of the Subjunctive § 266
-- Of the Infinitive § 270
Moods
-- In Independent Sentences § 271
-- -- Volitive Subjunctive § 273
-- -- Optative Subjunctive § 279
-- -- Potential Subjunctive § 280
-- -- Imperative § 281
-- In Dependent Clauses
-- -- Clauses of Purpose § 282
-- -- Clauses of Characteristic § 283
-- -- Clauses of Result § 284
-- -- Causal Clauses § 285
-- -- Temporal Clauses
-- -- -- Introduced by _Postquam_, _Ut_, _Ubi_, etc. § 287
-- -- -- _Cum_-Clauses § 288
-- -- -- Introduced by _Antequam_ and _Priusquam_ § 291
-- -- -- Introduced by _Dum_, _Dōnec_, _Quoad_ § 293
-- -- Substantive Clauses § 294
-- -- -- Developed from the Volitive § 295
-- -- -- Developed from the Optative § 296
-- -- -- Of Result § 297
-- -- -- After _nōn dubito_, etc. § 298
-- -- -- Introduced by _Quod_ § 299
-- -- -- Indirect Questions § 300
-- -- Conditional Sentences § 301
-- -- Use of _Sī_, _Nisi_, _Sīn_ § 306
-- -- Conditional Clauses of Comparison § 307
-- -- Concessive Clauses § 308
-- -- Adversative Clauses with _Quamvīs_, _Quamquam_, etc. § 309
-- -- Clauses of Wish and Proviso § 310
-- -- Relative Clauses § 311
-- -- Indirect Discourse § 313
-- -- -- Moods in Indirect Discourse § 314
-- -- -- Tenses in Indirect Discourse § 317
-- -- -- Conditional Sentences in Indirect Discourse § 319
-- -- Implied Indirect Discourse § 323
-- -- Subjunctive by Attraction § 324
Noun and Adjective Forms of the Verb § 325
-- Infinitive § 326
-- Participles § 336
-- Gerund § 338
-- Supine § 340
CHAPTER VI.--_Particles._
Coördinate Conjunctions § 341
Adverbs § 347
CHAPTER VII.--_Word-Order and Sentence-Structure._
Word-Order § 348
Sentence-Structure § 351
CHAPTER VIII.--_Hints on Latin Style. § 352_
Nouns § 353
Adjectives § 354 Pronouns § 355
Verbs § 356
The Cases § 357
PART VI.
PROSODY. § 360
Quantity of Vowels and Syllables § 362
Verse-Structure § 366
The Dactylic Hexameter § 368
The Dactylic Pentameter § 369
Iambic Measures § 370
SUPPLEMENTS TO THE GRAMMAR.
I. Roman Calendar § 371
II. Roman Names § 373
III. Figures of Syntax and Rhetoric § 374
* * * * *
Index to the Illustrative Examples Cited in the Syntax
Index to the Principal Parts of Latin Verbs
General Index
Footnotes
INTRODUCTION.
THE LATIN LANGUAGE.
1. The Indo-European Family of Languages.--Latin belongs to one group of a
large family of languages, known as _Indo-European_.[1] This Indo-European
family of languages embraces the following groups:
ASIATIC MEMBERS OF THE INDO-EUROPEAN FAMILY.
a. _The Sanskrit_, spoken in ancient India. Of this there were several
stages, the oldest of which is the Vedic, or language of the Vedic Hymns.
These Hymns are the oldest literary productions known to us among all the
branches of the Indo-European family. A conservative estimate places them
as far back as 1500 B.C. Some scholars have even set them more than a
thousand years earlier than this, i.e. anterior to 2500 B.C.
The Sanskrit, in modified form, has always continued to be spoken in