The G erm an Innovation System

Sujets

• Économie
• Economy

Informations

• Publié par: paul.vallen
• Nombre de lectures: 42
• Langue: English

Extrait

Fraunhofer

ISI

Institute

System s and

Innovation Research

1

The Ger

m

a

n

Innovation System

Frieder

M

e

y

e

r-Krahm er

Fraunhofer-Institute for System s and Innovation Research (Karlsruhe, D) and

University Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg, F)

•

P

rofile, Trends and Problem s

•

S

trengths and W eaknesses

•

P

o

licy Trends and Perspectives

Conference "Refor

m

ing the French Innovation.

Insights from Foreign Experiences

",

Institut Français des Relations Internationales (IFRI),

Paris

, October 4, 2004

Fraunhofer

ISI

Institute

System s and

Innovation Research

2

Completed secondary school education

Technology related higher education

graduates

Expenditure on education

R&D expenditure

Scientific regard of research

World market patents

Trade in high technology goods

Knowledge-intensive industries

Productivity of employees

IT expenditures

Early 1990s

Present

1

12

Source: Bericht zur Technologischen Leistungsfähigkeit Deutschlands 2002

1) Countries include G 7, Switzerland, Sweden, Finland, Netherlands, Republic of Korea

Early 1990s

Present

Ger

m

a

n

y

's position am ong selected countries

1

in i

m

p

o

rtant

criteria of technological com petitiveness / perfor

m

a

n

c

e

Fraunhofer

ISI

Institute

System s and

Innovation Research

3

The Ger

m

a

n

research landscape 2001

HG F - Herm ann von Hel

m

h

o

ltz-G em einschaf

t

A

IF - Arbeitsgem einschaft industrieller

Forschungsvereinigungen

W

G

L

-

W

issenschaftsgem einschaft G ottfried

W

ilhell

m

Leibni

z

M

P

G

-

M

a

x

-Planck-G esellschaft

M

P

G

1.3

others

1.1

(e.g.

AiF)

Industry

HG F

2.2

FhG

1.0

W

G

L

0.95

Federal

and

state

institutes

1.0

Universities

8.0

37.2

billion €

Curiosity-oriented

Applied-oriented

pred. private

Financing

Contract research for industry

pred. public

Research type

[billion] €

Fraunhofer

ISI

Institute

System s and

Innovation Research

4

0,8

1,0

1,2

1,4

1,6

1,8

2,0

2,2

2,4

2,6

2,8

3,0

3,2

3,4

3,6

3,8

4,0

81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02

SWE c)

FIN

JPN b)

USA

KOR

SUI

GER a)

FRA

NED

CAN

GBR

ITA

R&D intensity in selected OECD countries 1981 –

2002*

Total R&D expenditures in

percentage of G DP

*) Parts of data esti

m

a

ted

a) Before 1990: for

m

e

r federal territory.

b) R&D expenditures in Japan slightly

overesti

m

a

ted before 1995.

c) Structural change in survey

m

e

thod

1994/1995

Source: O ECD:

M

a

in Science and

Technology Indicators; Science statistics

and national infor

m

a

tion. – I

M

D

.

Calculations and Esti

m

a

tions by NI

W

.

Fraunhofer

ISI

Institute

System s and

Innovation Research

5

Knowledge transfer indicators of G erm an research institutions, 2000

Universities

of applied

sciences

Fraunhofer

society

Technical

universities

Herm ann von

Hel

m

h

o

ltz-

G em einschaft

W

issenschafts

gem einschaft

G ottfried

W

ilhelm

Leibniz

Universities M ax Planck

society

•

0

•

20

•

40

•

60

•

80

•

100

•

120

•

FH

•

FhG

•

TU

•

HGF

•

WGL

•

Uni

•

MPG

•

Percentage

•

Applied R&D

•

Transfer of persons

•

to industry

•

Third party funds

•

from industry

Fraunhofer

ISI

Institute

System s and

Innovation Research

6

C-115-O

Education funnel: Social selection in G er

m

a

n

y

, 1996

Source: DSW /HIS

15.

Sozialerhebung.

Zusam m enstellung

des HIS.

•100 children

•84 children

•

Threshold:

•

gymnasiale

•

Oberstufe

•

University access

•

Children of high social origin

•100 children

•33 children

•8 children

•

gymnasiale

•

Oberstufe

•

University access

•

Children of low social origin

•33%

•Transition share

•72 children

•86%

•24%

•84 %

•

•

Threshold:

•

Threshold:

•

Threshold:

Fraunhofer

ISI

Institute

System s and

Innovation Research

7

Selected Strength and W eakness of the Germ an Innovation

System

G overnance

Federal System

Drop in incentives to invest in

training/education

Q ualified staff/workers

Fragm ented structure

Decentralised research system

New

m

a

rkets

Existing

m

a

rkets

Inadequate link-up to leading-edge

technology

High-level technology

W eaknesses

Strengths

Fraunhofer

ISI

Institute

System s and

Innovation Research

8

Policy Trends and Perspectives

• Investm ents in education and R&D: m oderate growth

• universities: US m odel

• public research organisations: issue driven

• regions: clusters and centers of excellence

• innovation: new concepts and governance

• Europe: Ger

m

a

n

inward orientation

Fraunhofer

ISI

Institute

System s and

Innovation Research

9

Fraunhofer

ISI

Institute

System s and

Innovation Research

10