Adaptive and Blind Array Processing Techniques for Extracellular Electrode Recordings [Elektronische Ressource] / Michal Natora. Betreuer: Klaus Obermayer

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• Publié par: technische_universitat_berlin
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2011
• Nombre de lectures: 14
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

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Adaptive and Blind Array Processing
Techniques for Extracellular
Electrode Recordings
vorgelegt von
Diplom-Physiker
Michal Natora
aus Schwerzenbach, Schweiz
¨Von der Fakultat IV - Elektrotechnik und Informatik
der Technischen Universita¨t Berlin
zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades
Doktor der Naturwissenschaften
- Dr. rer. nat. -
genehmigte Dissertation
Promotionsausschuss:
Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. Reinhold Orglmeister
Berichter: Prof. Dr. Klaus Obermayer
Berichter: Prof. Dr. Aapo Hyva¨rinen
Tag der wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 08. Ma¨rz 2011
Berlin, 2011
D 83To my beautiful MałgosiaAcknowledgments
I would like to thank my supervisor Prof. Dr. Klaus Obermayer from the Neural
Information Processing Group at the TU Berlin for enabling me to carry out the research
in his group and for supporting the whole project. I also thank him for his scientific
and organisational advice, as well as for the opportunity to present my work at various
conferences.
I am grateful to Prof. Dr. Aapo Hyva¨rinen from the University of Helsinki. Al-
though I had only few occasions to meet him in person, he gladly accepted to be a
reviewer of my thesis and provided me with helpful comments.
I would like to thank all the people participating in the project, especially Felix
Franke with whom I worked on some problems and their solutions, mainly concerning
the spike sorting and positioning algorithm, and Sven Da¨hne and Philipp Meier who
helped a lot with the technical part of the project. I thank also the project partners from
the Max Planck Institute in Tu¨bingen and the Thomas Recording GmbH for the fruitful
collaboration resulting in a successful overall project.
The group of Prof. Gaute T. Einevoll (Norwegian University of Life Sciences) provided
us data of simulated extracellular action potentials, which was crucial for evaluating the
positioning algorithm. I sincerely thank him and the members of his group for this effort.
I am thankful to Prof. Clemens Boucsein (University of Freiburg) for giving us
access to his simultaneous intra/extra-cellular recordings. These data helped much to
evaluate the spike detection algorithm.
I would like to express my gratitude to Prof. Simon Broda (Universiteit van Am-
sterdam). Not only did he provide me with code for fast cdf evaluation, but he gave me
valuable hints and comments as well.
A special thankyou goes to Steffen Gru¨newa¨lder with whom I shared an office
when I started work in the NI group. He taught me how things work and are done in
the NI group, and provided me with valuable information regarding my project. Coffee
breaks and other less scientific activities we did together will always stay as good
iii
memories.
I thank all my colleagues from the NI group and the Bernstein Centre for Com-
putational Neuroscience for creating a very pleasant work climate, that encouraged
scientific and social interaction between all members.
A personal thank you is dedicated to my parents and Małgorzata M. Wo´jcik who
showed great interest in the project and supported me throughout.
This research was supported by the Bundesministerium fu¨r Bildung und Forschung with
the grant 01GQ0743.Abstract
Electrophysiological recordings with electrodes, or more generally, with arrays of multi-
electrodes, are key for recording neural activity data from the central nervous system.
This technique delivers high temporal and spatial resolution, as well as enables neuron
stimulation by current injection. The neuronal activity encoded by action potentials
(simply called ”spikes”) of individual neurons, however, is not recorded directly; rather
the measurement contains a mixture of spike trains from several neurons and additional
noise. To determine the spiking times of a neuron and to determine a spike’s originating
neuron, spike detection and spike sorting algorithms are needed. The main focus of this
thesis is the development of such algorithms.
The system consisting of neurons emitting spike trains, their mixture and corruption
by noise, and of the process of recording these data with several electrodes channels, is
modelled as a linear time-invariant multiple input, multiple output system. The prob-
lem of spike detection/sorting can then be regarded as a blind equalisation and source
separation task. We use finite impulse response filters for equalisation and source sepa-
ration throughout the thesis, and therefore, we first start with analysing some properties
of these filters. Amongst others, their performance in terms of detection probability
and false alarm probability is studied in the case when the spike waveform is perfectly
known, and when it is estimated from the data themselves. The subsequently presented
spike detection and sorting algorithms are two stage algorithms, consisting of a sys-
tem identification phase and the following equalisation/separation. Common to them is
that both stages can be performed with minimal human supervision although the spatial
mixing and temporal distortion are unknown, and the ability to adapt to changing wave-
forms during the equalisation/separation stage. As such they can be termed as adaptive
and blind array processing techniques. Finally, we also propose an unsupervised control
algorithm for electrodes, which allows to move them to favourable recording sites. This
closes the loop, as the system can now perform spike detection/sorting at any position
and decides by itself whether to move the electrode to a more promising position or
whether current quality of data is sufficient.
iiiZusammenfassung
Elektrophysiologische Ableitungen mit Elektroden, oder allgemeiner, mit einer ganzen
Matrix von Multi-Elektroden, sind eine Schlu¨sseltechnik um neuronale Aktivita¨tsdaten
aus dem zentralen Nervensystem aufzunehmen. Diese Technik liefert eine hohe zeitliche
als auch ra¨umliche Auflo¨sung, und erlaubt sogar Neuronenstimulation mittels Injek-
tion von elektrischem Strom. Die neuronale Aktivita¨t, enkodiert durch Aktionspo-
tentiale (auch genannt ”Spikes”), von einzelnen Neuronen wird jedoch nicht direkt
aufgenommen; vielmehr entha¨lt die Messung eine Mixtur von mehreren Spike Folgen
verschiedener Neuronen und zusa¨tzliches Rauschen. Um die einzelnen Spike Zeitpunkte
eines Neurons und um das Herkunftsneuron eines Spikes zu bestimmen, sind Spike
Detektions- und Spike Sortierungs-algorithmen notwendig.
Das System bestehend aus Spike Folgen generierenden Neuronen, deren Mix-
tur und die Korruption durch Rauschen, und aus dem Prozess des Messens
dieser Daten mit mehreren Elektrodenkana¨len, kann als ein lineares zeitinvariantes
Multieingang/Multiausgang-System modelliert werden. Das Problem der Spike Detek-
tion/Sortierung kann dann als ein blindes Entzerrungs- und Quellentrennungsproblem
aufgefasst werden. Wir benutzen in dieser Arbeit immer endliche Impulsantwortsfilter
fu¨r die Entzerrung und Quellentrennung, deshalb beginnen wir mit der Analyse einiger
Eigenschaften dieser Filter. Unter anderem, analysieren wir deren Leistungsfa¨higkeit im
Bezug auf die Detektionswahrscheinlichkeit und Falschalarmwahrscheinlichkeit wenn
die Spike Funktion bekannt ist, aber auch wenn diese von den Daten gescha¨tzt wird. Die
nachfolgend pra¨sentierten Spike Detektion und Sortierungsverfahren sind Zweistufe-
nalgorithmen, bestehend aus einer Systemidentifikationsphase und einer darauffolgen-
den Entzerrung/Quellentrennung. Beide Verfahren sind sich insofern a¨hnlich, als dass
beide Phasen nur minimalen menschlichen Eingriff verlangen obwohl die ra¨umliche
Mixtur und die zeitliche Verzerrung unbekannt sind, und dass beide Verfahren sich
a¨ndernden Spike Funktionen anpassen ko¨nnen. Deshalb ko¨nnen diese Verfahren allge-
mein als adaptive und blinde Matrixverarbeitungstechniken bezeichnet werden. Zuletzt,
pra¨sentieren wir auch einen unu¨berwachten Kontrolalgorithmus fu¨r Elektroden, welcher
die Elektroden zu gu¨nstigen Aufnahmestellen bewegt. Das schliesst den Kreis, da nun
das System an jeder beliebigen Position Spike Detektion/Sortierung ausfu¨hren kann und
selbst entscheidet, ob die Elektrode zu einer vielversprechender Position zu bewegen ist,
oder ob die momentane Signalqualita¨t ausreichend ist.
ivList of Symbols
and Abbreviations
Abbreviation Description Definition
x constant vector page 12
x[t] time dependent vector page 12
x = x = x(n) vector entry at dimension n page 12n n
L maximum index value, i.e. x , n=−L ,..., L page 12x n x x
T dimension of vector x, i.e. T = 2L + 1 page 12x x x
x∗ y convolution between x and y page 12
x⋆ y cross correlation between x and y page 12
||x|| p-norm of vector x page 14p
C noise covariance matrix page 4
D , (D) matrix entry in m-th row and n-th column page 12m,n m,n
p nominal steering vector page 32
q actual steering vector page 32
[],hi expectation operator page 11E
M number of sources/transmitters (e.g. neurons) page 3
N number of sensors/receivers (e.g. electrodes) page 3
i iγ threshold for filter output of filter f page 13
Q(u) quality of data at position u page 97
MPDR minimum power distortionless response page 22
MVDR minimum variance distortionless response page 22
vContents
List of Symbols and Abbreviations v