Advances in two-photon fluorescence microscopy for high-resolution anatomical and functional imaging of cell populations in the intact brain [Elektronische Ressource] / presented by Axel Nimmerjahn
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Advances in two-photon fluorescence microscopy for high-resolution anatomical and functional imaging of cell populations in the intact brain [Elektronische Ressource] / presented by Axel Nimmerjahn

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139 pages
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Dissertationsubmitted to theCombined Faculties for the Natural Sciences and for Mathematicsof the Ruperto-Carola University of Heidelberg, Germanyfor the degree ofDoctor of Natural Sciencespresented byDiplom-PhysicistAxel Nimmerjahnborn inKulmbach, GermanyOral Examination: July 4th, 2005Advances in Two-Photon Fluorescence Microscopyfor High-Resolution Anatomical and Functional Imagingof Cell Populations in the Intact BrainRefereesProf. Dr. Bert SakmannProf. Dr. Karlheinz MeierAdvances in Two-Photon Fluorescence Microscopy for High-ResolutionAnatomical and Functional Imaging of Cell Populations in the IntactBrainTwo-photon microscopy has enabled high-resolution imaging of single cells in the brain of anaes-thetizedanimals.Herewedevelopedtwo-photonmicroscopytowardsimagingofcellpopulationsintheneocortexofawakebehavingrodents.Forthispurpose,wedevelopedtwominiaturetwo-photonmicroscopes based on fluorescence excitation through a hollow-core photonic crystal fiber and acoherentfiber-bundle,respectively.Inaddition,wedemonstratetheirapplicabilitytoinvivoimag-ing. Furthermore, as meaningful biological application critically depends on fluorescence labeling,we developed staining methods for three different cell populations. In particular, we used Sindbis-and Lentiviral gene transfer into neurons for targeted expression of fluorescent indicators.

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Publié par
Publié le 01 janvier 2005
Nombre de lectures 12
Langue English
Poids de l'ouvrage 7 Mo

Extrait

Dissertation
submitted to the
Combined Faculties for the Natural Sciences and for Mathematics
of the Ruperto-Carola University of Heidelberg, Germany
for the degree of
Doctor of Natural Sciences
presented by
Diplom-Physicist
Axel Nimmerjahn
born in
Kulmbach, Germany
Oral Examination: July 4th, 2005Advances in Two-Photon Fluorescence Microscopy
for High-Resolution Anatomical and Functional Imaging
of Cell Populations in the Intact Brain
Referees
Prof. Dr. Bert Sakmann
Prof. Dr. Karlheinz MeierAdvances in Two-Photon Fluorescence Microscopy for High-Resolution
Anatomical and Functional Imaging of Cell Populations in the Intact
Brain
Two-photon microscopy has enabled high-resolution imaging of single cells in the brain of anaes-
thetizedanimals.Herewedevelopedtwo-photonmicroscopytowardsimagingofcellpopulationsin
theneocortexofawakebehavingrodents.Forthispurpose,wedevelopedtwominiaturetwo-photon
microscopes based on fluorescence excitation through a hollow-core photonic crystal fiber and a
coherentfiber-bundle,respectively.Inaddition,wedemonstratetheirapplicabilitytoinvivoimag-
ing. Furthermore, as meaningful biological application critically depends on fluorescence labeling,
we developed staining methods for three different cell populations. In particular, we used Sindbis-
and Lentiviral gene transfer into neurons for targeted expression of fluorescent indicators. We dis-
covered a method for specific staining of astroglia in vivo, and we employed transgenic fluorescent
proteinexpressiontolabelmicroglia.Usingastandardtwo-photonmicroscope,weshowthatinthe
adultbrainneuronsandastrogliashowoverallstablemorphologies.Incontrast,microgliadisplayed
continuous structural changes, and responded rapidly to local injury. Furthermore, we uncovered
the distinctive calcium dynamics underlying neuronal and astroglial cell signaling in vivo. Taken
together, these advances in miniaturization and fluorescence labeling promise to enable optical
studies of network activity during behavior.
Fortschritte in der Zwei-Photonen Fluoreszenzmikroskopie zur
hochauflosenden anatomischen und funktionellen Untersuchung von
Zellpopulationen im intakten Gehirn
Die Zwei-Photonen Mikroskopie hat die hochaufl osende Untersuchung einzelner Zellen im Gehirn
an asthesierter Tiere erm oglicht. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt die Weiterentwicklung dieser
Technik in Richtung Zellpopulationsstudien im Neokortex von freilaufenden Nagetieren. Insbeson-
dere wurden zwei Miniaturmikroskope, basierend auf der Fluoreszenzanregung durch eine pho-
tonische Kristallfaser beziehungsweise durch ein koh arentes Faserbundel,? entwickelt und deren
Einsatzf ahigkeit anhand von in vivo Messungen verifiziert. Eine sinnvolle biologische Anwendung
dieser Mikroskope setzt jedoch geeignete Fluoreszenzf arbemethoden voraus. Daher wurden zu-
dem Methoden zur F arbung dreier Zellpopulationen entwickelt. Insbesondere wurden Sindbis- und
LentivirenzumTransferunddergerichtetenExpressiongenetischkodierterFluoreszenzindikatoren
in Neuronen eingesetzt. Weiterhin wurde eine Methode zur spezifischen F arbung von Astroglia
entdeckt und die transgene Expression von fluoreszierenden Proteinen zur Mikrogliazellf arbung
eingesetzt. Mit einem Standard-Zwei-Photonen Mikroskop konnte gezeigt werden, daß sich Neu-
rone und Astroglia im adulten Gehirn morphologisch kaum ver andern, w ahrend Mikrogliazellen
ihre Gestalt dynamisch variieren und schnell auf lokale Hirnverletzungen reagieren. Zudem konnte
die spezifische Kalziumdynamik von Neuronen und Astroglia im intakten Gehirn visualisiert wer-
den. Diese Fortschritte im Bereich Miniaturisierung und Fluoreszenzf arbung lassen die optische
Messung von verhaltensabh angiger Netzwerkaktivit at m oglich erscheinen.Contents
1 Motivation 3
2 Introduction 5
2.1 The Brain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1.1 Anatomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1.2 Functional Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1.3 The Rodent Brain as a Model System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2 In Vivo Two-Photon Fluorescence Microscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2.1 Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2.2 Fluorescence Excitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2.3 Detection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.2.4 Spatial Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.2.5 Temporal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.2.6 Depth Penetration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.2.7 Further Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.3 In Vivo Fluorescence Labeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.3.1 Fluorescent Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.3.2 Loading Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.4 Miniaturization of Two-Photon Fluorescence Microscopy . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3 Results 33
3.1 Advancements in Microscope Miniaturization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.1.1 Single Fiber Based Two-Photon Microscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.1.2 Coherent Fiber Bundle Based Two-Photon Microscope . . . . . . . . 40
3.2 In Vivo Imaging Using Fiber-Based Twes . . . . . . . . 45
3.3 Fluorescence Labeling of Neocortical Cell Populations In Vivo . . . . . . . . 46
3.3.1 Neurons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.3.2 Astrocytes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.3.3 Microglia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.4 Dynamic Processes in Neocortical Cell Populations In Vivo . . . . . . . . . 58
3.4.1 Neurons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.4.1.1 Structural Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
12 CONTENTS
3.4.1.2 Calcium Dynamics with Genetically Encoded Calcium In-
dicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.4.2 Astrocytes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.4.2.1 Distribution and Structural Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.4.2.2 In Vivo Calcium Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.4.3 Microglia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.4.3.1 Structural Dynamics in the Healthy Brain . . . . . . . . . 68
3.4.3.2 Response to Local Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4 Discussion 77
4.1 Advancements in Microscope Miniaturization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.1.1 Single Fiber Based Two-Photon Microscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.1.2 Coherent Fiber Bundle Based Two-Photon Microscope . . . . . . . . 78
4.2 Fluorescence Labeling and Imaging of Neocortical Cell Populations In Vivo 79
4.2.1 Neurons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.2.2 Astrocytes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
4.2.3 Microglia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
5 Summary & Publications 85
6 Future Perspectives 89
7 Materials & Methods 93
7.1 Fiber-Based Two-Photon Microscopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
7.1.1 Single Fiber Based Two-Photon Microscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
7.1.2 Coherent Fiber Bundle Two-Photon Microscope . . . . . . . . . . . 96
7.2 In Vivo Fluorescence Labeling and Two-Photon Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . 97
7.2.1 Neurons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
7.2.2 Astrocytes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
7.2.3 Microglia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
References 106
Acknowledgements 123
A Supplementary Movies 127
A.1 Neurons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
A.2 Astrocytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
A.3 Microglia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
B Acronyms 133Chapter 1
Motivation
Oneofthecentralquestionsinbrainresearchishowinformationisencoded,processed,
andstoredintheintactbrainonacellularlevel.Forexample,howisincominginformation
fromsensorycellsattheperipheryfilteredandrepresentedinthebrain?Howarememories
formed or retrieved, and how are actions initiated? How is brain homeostasis controlled
and how do the various brain elements communicate or cooperate with each other?
During the last years, it has become obvious that the interactions between cortical
elements are much more complex than previously thought. For example, neurons are re-
gardedasthe elementsresponsibleforinformationprocessinginthebrain,whileglialcells
(mainlyastrocytes,oligodendroctesandmicroglialcells)havebeenassumedtosimplygive
structural and nutritional support to neurons. A role for glia in information processing
has been neglected for a long time, most probably because glial cells lack the ability to
generate action potentials and thus cannot communicate via propagating electrical activ-
ity as neurons do. However, recent studies have shown that astrocyes, for example, can
sense and respond to neuronal activity. Inc

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