Application des techniques de génotypage à haut débit pour l'étude des communautés fongiques des sols, Using high-throughput genotyping for monitoring communities of soil fungi

Marlis Reich

Description

Sous la direction de Francis Martin
Thèse soutenue le 28 mai 2009: Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Nancy 1
Dans les écosystèmes forestiers, les communautés fongiques du sol sont extrêmement diverses et de nombreux facteurs environnementaux structurent et influencent les espèces qui les constituent. Les plantes sont des éléments structurant majeurs des espèces fongiques, car elles sont à l’origine de l’enrichissement des sols en carbone. L’écologie microbienne a fortement bénéficié des apports de la biologie moléculaire, mais l’analyse de la diversité des champignons forestiers à l’échelle du peuplement reste dépendante des outils de génotypage à haut débit. Ainsi, pour permettre l’investigation à large échelle de la diversité fongique et étudier les facteurs structurant de ces communautés, nous avons développé et validé deux générations de phyloarrays basé sur l’identification moléculaire des espèces à partir de l’ADN ribosomal nucléaire. La dernière génération a été mise au point pour identifier simultanément près de 10 000 espèces issues de différents phyla du règne fongique. Pour la première fois, nous avons utilisé ces phylochips pour décrire la richesse fongique des sols forestiers et évaluer l’impact de différents arbres hôtes sur les communautés ectomycorhiziennes et ses dynamiques temporelles. Parallèlement à ce développement technologique, nous avons exploité les très récentes techniques de séquençage massif (pyroséquençage) pour générer et analyser plus de 180 000 séquences, amplifiées à partir d’échantillons d’ADN de sols issus de 6 plantations d’essences forestières différentes. Ces deux nouvelles approches confirment, par des analyses profondes de la diversité fongique, un fort impact de l’essence forestière sur la communauté fongique et une préférence d’hôte chez les espèces mycorhiziennes, comme chez les saprotrophes. A un niveau taxonomique supérieur, nos travaux montrent une distribution relativement homogène des différentes familles du sous-règne Dykaria (ascomycètes et basidiomycètes), marquant également le caractère ubiquiste des ces microorganismes.
-Génotypage à haut débit
In forest ecosystems, fungal communities are highly diverse since several environmental factors influence their richness and structure. Host plant composition is one of the major factors, as the main input of carbohydrates into soil is plant-derived. Ecological research of fungal communities was hindered by the lack of high-throughput diagnostic tools. To ease the large-scale identification of fungi, we have constructed and validated two generations of ribosomal DNA phylochips. The last generation of developed phylochips carried species-specific probes for about 10,000 fungal species spread over the whole fungal kingdom. We applied the developed phylochips to describe the impact of host trees on ectomycorrhizal communities over the time scale of one year. Furthermore, we monitored the diversity of fungal communities under six different host trees by generating over 180,000 sequences using 454 pyrosequencing approach. Results of both techniques revealed a high influence of the different tree species on soil fungal community composition, richnesse and abundance. Furthermore, host preference was observed for most of the ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi. However, host preference appeared mainly on species level, but not on family level showing also the ubiquistic character of some of the microorganisms.
Source: http://www.theses.fr/2009NAN10034/document

Informations

• Publié par: Thesee
• Nombre de lectures: 31
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 2 Mo

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LIENS


Code de la Propriété Intellectuelle. articles L 122. 4
Code de la Propriété Intellectuelle. articles L 335.2- L 335.10
http://www.cfcopies.com/V2/leg/leg_droi.php
http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/infos-pratiques/droits/protection.htm IN?A.
GEORG-AUGUST-UNIVERSITAT

GOTTINGEN
Nancy-Université
~université •
Henri Poincaré


U.F.R. Sciences et Techniques Biologiques Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
Ecole Doctorale Ressources Procédés Produits
Environnement

Thèse en co-tutelle
Présentée pour l’obtention du titre de docteur de l’Université Henri Poincaré, Nancy 1
En Biologie Végétale et Forestière
Par
Marlis Reich
Application des techniques de génotypage à haut débit pour l’étude
des communautés fongiques des sols
(Using high-throughput genotyping for monitoring communities of soil fungi)
Soutenance publique eu lieu le 28 mai 2009

: Membres du jury
Rapporteurs :
Gertrud LOHAUS PhD, HDR, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen,
Allemagne
M. Roland MARMEISSE PhD, CR1 CNRS, HDR, Université Claude Bernard,
Lyon, France

Examinateurs :
Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Andrea POLLE PhD, professeur,
Allemagne
Xavier NESME PhD, HDR, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, France
Jean-Pierre JACQUOT PhD, professeur, Université Henri Poincaré Nancy, France
Francis MARTIN PhD, DR1 INRA, INRA-Nancy, France (Directeur de
thèse)
Marc BUEE PhD, CR1, INRA-Nancy, France (Co-encadrant de thèse)
Laboratoire Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes UMR 1136 INRA/UHP ; INRA Nancy
Büsgen Institut, Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen 1
































To a european spirit and an international exchange….
2





When I the starry courses know,
And Nature's wise instruction seek,
With light of power my soul shall glow…


On y voit le cours des étoiles ;
Ton âme, échappant à la nuit,
Pourra voguer à pleines voiles…


Erkennest dann der Sterne Lauf,
Und wenn Natur dich unterweist,
Dann geht die Seelenkraft dir auf…





(Faust I, Night, Johann Wolfgang Goethe)


3

Table
of
contents

1.
 PREFACE
 5

1.1.
SUMMARY
 5

1.2.
OBJECTIVES
OF
MY
THESIS
 6

1.3.
OVERVIEW
ON
THE
CHAPTERS
 7

2.
 CHAPTER
I:
INTRODUCTION
 9

2.1.
MYCORRHIZA
IN
THE
FOCUS
OF
RESEARCH
 9

2.1.1.
 MYCORRHIZA,
A
MUTUALISTIC
SYMBIOSIS
 9

2.1.2.
 DIFFERENT
APPROACHES
TO
STUDY
MYCORRHIZAL
FUNGI
 10

2.2.
VARIETY
OF
MYCORRHIZAL
TYPES
 13

2.2.1.
 SEVEN
FORMS
OF
MYCORRHIZA
 13

2.2.2.
 ARBUSCULAR
MYCORRHIZA
 13

2.2.3.
 ECTOMYCORRHIZA
 16

2.3.
ECOLOGY
OF
MYCORRHIZAL
FUNGI
 19

2.3.1.
 ENVIRONMENTAL
FACTORS
 19

2.3.2.
 ECOLOGY
OF
ARBUSCULAR
MYCORRHIZAL
FUNGI
 20

2.3.3.
 THE
ECOLOGY
OF
ECTOMYCORRHIZAL
COMMUNITIES
 24

2.4.
TECHNIQUES
FOR
IDENTIFYING
MYCORRHIZAL
FUNGAL
SPECIES
 33

2.4.1.
 MORPHOTYPING
 33

2.4.2.
 MOLECULAR
TECHNIQUES
TO
STUDY
FUNGAL
DIVERSITY
 37

2.4.3.
 CLOSING
WORDS
ABOUT
DETECTION
TECHNIQUES
 58

3.
 CHAPTER
II:
DEVELOPMENT
AND
VALIDATION
OF
AN
OLIGONUCLEOTIDE


 MICROARRAY
TO
CHARACTERIZE
ECTOMYCORRHIZAL
COMMUNITIES
 59

4.
 CHAPTER
III:
DIAGNOSTIC
RIBOSOMAL
ITS
PHYLOCHIP
FOR
IDENTIFICATION
OF


 HOST
INFLUENCE
ON
ECTOMYCORRHIZAL
COMMUNITIES
 77

5.
 CHAPTER
IV:
454
PYROSEQUENCING
ANALYSES
OF
FOREST
SOIL
REVEAL
AN


 UNEXPECTED
HIGH
FUNGAL
 79

6.
 CHAPTER
V:
COMPARISON
OF
THE
CAPACITY
TO
DESCRIBE
FULLY
IDENTIFIED


 FUNGAL
SPECIES
USING
THE
TWO
HIGH­THROUGHPUT
TECHNIQUES
454


 PYROSEQUENCING
AND
NIMBLEGEN
PHYLOCHIP
 101

4

7.
 CHAPTER
VI:
QUANTITATIVE
TRACEABILITY
OF
ECTOMYCORRHIZAL
SAMPLES
USING


 ARISA
 103

8.
 CHAPTER
VII:
SYMBIOSIS
INSIGHTS
FROM
THE
GENOME
OF
THE
MYCORRHIZAL

BASIDIOMYCETE
LACCARIA
BICOLOR.
 117

9.
 CHAPTER
VIII:
FATTY
ACID
METABOLISM
IN
THE
ECTOMYCORRHIZAL
FUNGUS


 LACCARIA
BICOLOR
 119

10.
 CHAPTER
IX:
CONCLUSIONS
IN
FRENCH
 135

11.
 CHAPTER
X:
CONCLUSIONS
 141

12.
 REFERENCES
OF
INTRODUCTION
AND
CONCLUSIONS
 153




5

1. Preface
1.1.Summary
Forests are highly complex ecosystems and harbor a rich biodiversity above-ground and
below-ground. In the forest soil a multilayer array of microorganisms can be found occupying
various niches. They play essential roles in the mineralization of organic compounds and
nutrient cycling (Fitter et al., 2005). Mycorrhizal fungi are a highly abundant and functionally
very important group of soil micro-organisms. They live in mutualistic symbiosis with the
plants and deliver their plant hosts with nutrients and water and receive in return
carbohydrates. Many environmental factors influence the richness and the composition of
mycorrhizal communities. They can be grouped into biotic and abiotic factors. As fungi are nearly wholly dependent on plant-derived carbohydrates it is not
astonishing, that plant communities have a main impact on structure and function of
mycorrhizal communities. This is achieved in a number of ways, e.g. by the host plant
species, the age or successional status of the host tree/forest or physiological features such as
litter fall, root turnover or root exudations of carbons (Johnson et al., 2005). Recent research
focused e.g. on the effect of host taxonomic distance on ectomycorrhizal (ECM)
communities. It was reported that communities sharing host trees of similar taxonomic status
showed similar structure compared to associated to more taxonomical distinct
host trees (Ishida et al., 2003). Anyhow, differences in ECM communities were observed
when they were associated to two congeneric host trees with different leaf physiology (Morris
et al., 2008). An important abiotic factor in boreal and temperate forests is the climate change
over seasons. Temporal patterns of ECM fungi occur during a year and can be explained by
ecological preferences of fungal species and enzymatic adaptation to changing weather and
changing resource conditions (Buée et al., 2005; Courty et al., 2008). All these studies reveal
the diversity of factors and their impact on mycorrhizal communities. As mycorrhizal
communities are playing an important role in forest ecosystems, the dynamics of as response to environmental factors have to be studied to understand the global
dynamic and biodiversity of forest ecosystems.
But how can we study and describe in detail such complex communities? In the last decades
molecular biological detection techniques were developed and used alongside with classical
morphological and anatomical-based methods. Especially the determination of ITS as DNA
barcode for fungi and the adjustment of PCR conditions for the amplification of the total
6

fungal community opened the way for more detailed community studies (Horton & Bruns,
2001). Traditional molecular techniques such as ITS-fingerprinting or Sanger-sequencing
were widely applied (reviewed in Anderson, 2006). However, these techniques are limited by
the number of samples, which can be processed in a realistic time frame (Mitchell &
Zuccharo, 2006). Identification of fungal taxa can nowadays be expanded to high-throughput
molecular diagnostic tools, such as phylochips (a microarray to detect species) and 454
sequencing. The ongoing implementation of array technique led to its high-throughput
capacity, as thousands of features can be fixed to the carrier glass. In the case of phylochips,
features are oligonucleotides targeting barcode genes of the species of interest. So far,
phylochips were used for the identification of bacterial species from complex environmental
samples (Brodie et al., 2006) or for few genera of pathogenic (Lievens et al., 2003, 2005) and
composting fungi (Hultman et al., 2008). 454 sequencing is a newly developed sequencing
technique combining the complete sequence process covering all subsequent steps from the
barcode region of interest to the finished sequence (Margulies et al., 2005). In first
experiments 454 sequencing technique was used to sequence genomes (Andrie et al., 2005) or
transcriptomes (Bainbridge et al., 2006). With the ongoing development metagenomic
analysis were carried out. Bact