Attosecond electron spectroscopy [Elektronische Ressource] : theory and its applications / vorgelegt von Justin Gagnon

Justin Gagnon

Sujets

• Physik

Informations

• Publié par: ludwig-maximilians-universitat_munchen
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 50
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 7 Mo

Extrait

Attosecond Electron Spectroscopy
Theory and its Applications
Justin Gagnon
Munchen 2010Attosecond Electron Spectroscopy
Theory and its Applications
Justin Gagnon
Dissertation
an der Fakult at fur Physik
der Ludwig{Maximilians{Universit at
Munc hen
vorgelegt von
Justin Gagnon
aus Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
Munc hen, den 3. Dezember 2010Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Ferenc Krausz
Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Armin Scrinzi
Tag der mundlic hen Prufung: 12. Januar 2011Contents
Contents vi
List of Figures viii
List of Tables ix
Summary xiii
Zusammenfassung xv
List of Contributions xvii
Introduction 1
1 Characterizing Attosecond Pulses 9
1.1 The RABITT Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.2 Gating the Attosecond Pulse Train . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.2.1 Temporal Gating of the Attosecond Pulse Train . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.2.2 Spectral Filtering of the Attosecond Pulse Train . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.3 The Attosecond Streaking Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.4 A Classical Trajectory Analysis of Streaking for Extracting the Attosecond
Chirp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.5 The Semi-Classical Description of Attosecond Streaking . . . . . . . . . . . 30
1.6 The Attosecond FROG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
1.6.1 FROG Reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
1.6.2 The PCGPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
1.6.3 The LSGPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
1.6.4 A Comparison Between the LSGPA and the PCGPA . . . . . . . . 49
1.7 The Robustness of Attosecond Streaking Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . 51
1.7.1 Streaking with a Single Isolated Attosecond Pulse . . . . . . . . . . 53
1.7.2 with a Sequence of Two A Pulses . . . . . . . . 58vi Contents
2 Measuring Attosecond Electron Wave Parcels 67
2.1 The FROG Characterization of an Attosecond Electron Wave Parcel from
a Streaking Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.2 Laser-Dressed Scattering of an Attosecond Electron Wave Packet . . . . . 73
Conclusion 85
A Energy-Resolved Photoelectron Angular Distributions 87
A.1 The Coupled-Wave Lippmann-Schwinger Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
A.2 Bound-Free Transition Dipole Matrix Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
A.3 Scattering States for a Long Range Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
A.4 A Treatment of the Scattering Potential for Atoms and Molecules . . . . . 95
B A Little Bit of This and a Little Bit of That 99
B.1 The Obligatory Coordinate Transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
B.2 The Beloved Atomic Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
B.3 A Simple Relation Between Bandwidth, Dispersion and Duration . . . . . 103
Bibliography 113
Acknowledgments 115
Personal Record 120List of Figures
1 Schematic of the recollision process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.1 A RABITT measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.2 Recollision energies as a function of time for short and long driving laser
pulses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.3 An attosecond streaking measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.4 The basic manifestations of the attosecond streaking e ect . . . . . . . . . 20
1.5 Streaking e ects for a gaussian pulse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.6 measurements with a non-gaussian XUV spectrum . . . . . . . . 26
1.7 Illustration of the iCrap procedure for a cosine-like streaking eld . . . . . 28
1.8 of the iCrap pro for a sine-like eld . . . . . . 29
1.9 Application of iCrap to very noisy spectrograms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.10 Comparison between the CVA and the TDSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1.11 The basic loop of the PCGPA and the LSGPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
1.12 Characterization of an attosecond pulse from a spectrogram computed by
numerical evaluation of the TDSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
1.13 FROG retrieval of a sequence of two attosecond pulses from a streaking
spectrogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
1.14 The signal matrix assumed by the LSGPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
1.15 Comparison between the LSGPA and the PCGPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
1.16 Streaking spectrograms for various uncertainties in the parameters of an
isolated attosecond pulse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
1.17 Attosecond FROG retrieval with uncertainty in the central energy . . . . . 55
1.18 A FROGal with unty in the bandwidth . . . . . . . 56
1.19 Attosecond FROG retrieval with uncertainty in the group-delay dispersion 56
1.20 A FROGal with uncertainty in the timing for a single at-
tosecond pulse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
1.21 Streaking spectrograms for various uncertainties in the parameters of a se-
quence of two attosecond pulses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
1.22 Attosecond FROG retrieval with uncertainty in the relative intensity be-
tween two attosecond pulses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
1.23 Attosecond FROG retrieval with uncertainty in the relative phase between
two attosecond pulses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61viii List of Figures
1.24 Attosecond FROG retrieval with uncertainty in the relative timing between
two attosecond pulses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
1.25 Fringe positions for di erent values of relative timing between two attosec-
ond pulses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
1.26 Attosecond FROG retrieval with uncertainty in the timing for a sequence of
two attosecond pulses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.1 FROG retrieval of an electron wave parcel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
2.2 Two-path interference of an electron emitted from a localized state . . . . 74
2.3 Photoelectron spectra for right-going and left-going wave packets . . . . . . 76
2.4 Comparison of TDSE and CVA photoelectron spectra for a spatially ex-
tended system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
2.5 A wave parcel represented in position space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
2.6 The e ect of a control eld on the re ected wave parcel . . . . . . . . . . . 80
2.7 Comparison of TDSE and classically-adjusted photoelectron spectra for a
spatially extended system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
B.1 Illustration of spherical and cylindrical coordinate vectors . . . . . . . . . . 99List of Tables
B.1 Transformations between rectangular, cylindrical and spherical coordinates 100
^ ^B.2 Orthogonal unit vectors x^, y^, z^, ^, , ^r, in rectangular, cylindrical and
spherical coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
B.3 Common di erential operators in rectangular, cylindrical and spherical co-
ordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
B.4 Physical constants in SI and atomic units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
B.5 Atomic units of fundamental physical quantities with their values in SI units 102x List of Tables