Au-Sn-W-Cu-mineralization in the Astaneh-Sarband area, West Central Iran [Elektronische Ressource] : including a comparison of the ores with ancient bronze artifacts from Western Asia / vorgelegt von Nima Nezafati

Klaus-Peter Becker

Informations

• Publié par: eberhard_karls_universitat_tubingen
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2006
• Nombre de lectures: 19
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 40 Mo

Extrait

Au-Sn-W-Cu-Mineralization in the Astaneh-Sarband Area,
West Central Iran
including a comparison of the ores with ancient bronze artifacts from Western Asia

DISSERTATION

zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften

der Geowissenschaftlichen Fakultät
der Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen

vorgelegt von

NIMA NEZAFATI
aus ABADAN, dem IRAN

2006
Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 3. November 2006

Dekan: Professor Dr. Klaus-Georg Nickel

1. Berichterstatter: Professor Dr. Gregor Markl

2. Berichterstatter: rofessor Dr. Ernst Pernicka
������ ��
In the name of God, the compassionate, the merciful

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Although my soul delved far into the wilderness
It could split the hair but failed to know a hair breadth
It raised thousands of suns into my heart
But yet failed to fathom a trace

Avicenna (980-1037 CE)

To my Parents


��� ����Table of Contents

Acknowledgments………………………………………………………….………………..…………..III
Abstract…………………………....…………………..............…...IV
Zusammenfassung (Abstract in German)…...........................................……………….................…….VI
Chekideh (Abstract in Persian)…………………..…………...…………………………….....VIII

Chapter 1: Introduction……………………………………………………………….……………...1-6

1.1 Problem definition…………………………………………………………………...1
1.2 Objectives and aims………………………………………..…………..……….3
1.2.1 Genetic model……………………………………………..……….3
1.2.2 Archaeometric investigations……………...………………..…………….3
1.3 Geographic setting and exploration history.…………………………………………....4
1.4 Background to the research…………………………...………..……………….4
1.4.1. Economic geological aspects.............................................................................................4
1.4.2 Archaeometrical aspects.................6
1.5 Methodology....................................................................................................................6

Chapter 2: Stratigraphy and geologic setting of the study area….……………………………….7-15

2.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………….……....7
2.2 The Sanandaj-Sirjan zone………….…………...……………………………...9
2.3 Stratigraphy of the study area………………………………………….................11
2.4 Magmatism in the study area…………………..……………………..13
2.5 Structure and tectonism……………………………….........................................…………....14
.
Chapter 3: Petrography, mineralogy and geochemistry of the Deh Hosein occurrence…....…16-32

3.1 Introduction……………………………………………………….............................………...16
3.2 Methods…………………………………..……....16
3.3 Geology of the prospect and petrography of the host rocks……………………......17
3.4 Alteration………………………………………………………………………….………..…19
3.5 Mineralization………………..…………..21
3.6 Paragenetic sequence …………………………………………………………….…………...27
3.7 Metal associations and distribution at Deh Hosein……………………………………………28

Chapter 4: Petrography, mineralogy and geochemistry of the Astaneh gold occurrence......…33-43

4.1 Introduction…………………………………………………..………………………...……...33
4.2 Geology of the prospect and petrography of the host rocks………………………..34
4.3 Alteration………………………………………………..……………………..……...38
4.4 Mineralization……………………………………38
4.5 Paragenetic sequence.................................................................................................................41
4.6 Metal associations and distributions at Astaneh…………..……………………………..……42

Chapter 5: Petrography, mineralogy and geochemistry of the Nezam Abad occurrence..........44-57

5.1 Introduction………………………………………………….………………………………...44
5.2 Geology of the prospect and petrography of the host rocks………………....……..44
5.3 Alteration…………………………………………………………………………..…..……...46
5.4 Mineralization……………………………48
5.4.1 Ancient mining relics......................................................................................................48
I5.4.2 Modern mining and exploration activities......................................................................48
5.4.3 Geophysical investigations.......................................49
5.4.4 Ore minerals..................................................................................................50
5.5 Paragenetic sequence………………………………………………………………..…..…….52
5.6 Metal associations and distributions at Nezam Abad..……………………………………..…54
5.7 Mineralization in pegmatite…………………………………………………….…..57

Chapter 6: Isotope studies and geothermometry…………........................................................…58-75

6.1 Introduction…………………………………………………….………………….…...……...58
6.2 Sulfur isotope analyses..............................................................................................................58
6.2.1 Method............................59
6.2.2 Results...........................................................................................................59
6.3 Oxygen isotope analyses........................60
6.3.1 Methods...........................................................................................................................61
6.3.2 Results...........61
6.4 Lead isotope studies...................................................................................................................63
6.4.1 Methodology and analytical procedure...64
6.4.2 Results.............................................................................................................................64
6.5 Age determination studies..................................70
6.5.1 Rb-Sr method..................................................................................................................70
6.5.1.1 Results........................................70
6.5.2 Single zircon evaporation method..................................................................................71
6.5.2.1 Sample preparation, zircon morphology and methodology…………….....…..72
6.5.2.2 Results………………………………………………………………….....…...72
6.6 Arsenopyrite geothermometry………………...……..…..74
6.6.1 Method………………………………………………..……………………………..…74
6.6.2 Results……….............................................................................……74

Chapter 7: Archaeometrical investigations on the Deh Hosein ore and the ancient bronze
artefacts…………………………………………………………………….……….....76-94

7.1 Introduction…………………………………………..…………………..76
7.2 Review of the riddle of tin in antiquity………………………………..………76
7.3 Early tin bronzes………………………………………………….……...76
7.4 Archaeological evidence……………………………………….….…………..77
7.5 Texts referring to the Bronze Age tin trade…………………………….………......79
7.6 Geological aspects…………………………….……………..…………………………..……80
7.7 The Luristan Bronzes……………………………………….…………...….82
7.8 Ancient workings and relics at Deh Hosein ancient mine……….………………..…………..85
7.9 Compositional analyses from Luristan Bronzes………….………………………………..….87
7.10 Lead Isotope analysis…………………………………………………….89
7.11 Summary and conclusions…………………………...……………93

Chapter 8: Conclusions and recommendations……………….…..………………….………....95-101

Comparison of the prospects in the Astaneh-Sarband area with each other……............................96
Comparison of the occurrences with known deposits………………………………………..........98
Recommended future researches……………………………….....................................................99

References……………………………………………………………………………………….…….102
Curriculum vita……………………...………………………..………...….……115

IIAcknowledgments

First of all, I would like to thank God for giving me the opportunity to successfully fulfill my thesis and
granting me the ability to study a very small part of His wonderful and astonishing masterwork of
nature.
This thesis presents the results of four years of scientific research at the universities of Freiberg and
Tübingen including field work in Iran. This work is a continuation of the project that was initiated by
the joint Iranian-German geological, archaeological and archaeometallurgical collaboration in the
Arisman Project in 1999. I would like to take the opportunity to thank all individuals and friends who
supported me during the course of my doctoral project and stay in Germany.
I am greatly obliged to my supervisors Professors Dr. Gregor Markl, Dr. Ernst Pernicka, Dr. Peter
Michael Herzig and Dr. Morteza Momenzadeh for their full assistance during the performance of my
project. Without their sound supervision, motivation, kindness and continual support this work would
not have materialized.
I am greatly indebted to Professor Dr. Pernicka for offering me the PhD position, for his aboveboard
and great support and for his valuable scientific discussions and technical assistance.
I am really grateful to Professor Dr. Momenzadeh for offering the subject of my PhD project, his
scientific guidance and his support during f