Behavioural reactions of cod (Gadus morhua) and plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) to sound resembling offshore wind turbine noise [Elektronische Ressource] / von Christina Müller

Christina Müller

Sujets

• Biologie

Informations

• Publié par: humboldt-universitat_zu_berlin
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2007
• Nombre de lectures: 63
• Langue: Deutsch
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 39 Mo

Extrait

Behavioural reactions of cod (Gadus morhua) and
plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) to sound
resembling offshore wind turbine noise
Dissertation
zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades
doctor rerum naturalium
(Dr. rer. nat.)
im Fach Biologie
eingereicht an der
Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät I
der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
von
Diplom-Biologin Christina Müller
geb. 31. Dezember 1966 in Berlin

Präsident der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
Prof. Dr. Christoph Markschies
Dekan der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät I
Prof. Dr. Christian Limberg
Gutachter: 1. Prof. Andreas Elepfandt
2. Prof. Werner Kloas 3. Prof. Per Stockfleth Enger
eingereicht am: 1. August 2007
Datum der Promotion: 20. Dezember 2007
Table of content
SUMMARY...............................................................................................................................7
DEUTSCHE ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ......................................................................................9
1 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................11
1.1 Project overview........................................................................................................11
1.2 General background and state of research ............................................................12
1.2.1 Offshore wind technology in Europe ....................................................................12
1.2.2 Acoustic field in offshore wind farms13
1.2.3 Hydroacoustics.....................................................................................................15
1.2.3.1 Sound in water and in air ..............................................................................15
1.2.3.2 The acoustical near and far field...................................................................16
1.2.3.3 Acoustic in tanks ...........................................................................................18
1.2.3.4 Interferences .................................................................................................18
1.2.4 Fish and sound19
1.2.4.1 Hearing ability in fish.....................................................................................19
1.2.4.2 Hearing in cod and plaice..............................................................................22
1.2.4.3 Reaction of fish to anthropogenic noise ........................................................26
1.2.4.4 Results from offshore wind farm research ....................................................29
1.2.4.5 Hearing threshold shift and inner ear damage ..............................................32
1.2.5 Biology of plaice and cod33
1.2.5.1 Biology of cod................................................................................................33
1.2.5.2 Biology of plaice............................................................................................34
1.2.5.3 Stocks of cod and plaice in the North Sea ....................................................36
2 ISSUE OF THE INVESTIGATION ..................................................................................37
3 MATERIAL AND METHODS..........................................................................................39
3.1 Experimental fish.......................................................................................................39
3.1.1 Cod (Gadus morhua)39
3.1.2 Plaice (Pleuronectes platessa).............................................................................40
3.2 Experimental tank......................................................................................................41
3.3 Experimental settings ...............................................................................................42
3.3.1 Sound barriers44
3.3.2 Sound production and measurement ...................................................................45
3.3.3 Selection of produced sounds..............................................................................47
3.3.4 Initial sound measurements .................................................................................48
3.3.5 Hydrodynamic measurements49
3.4 Video surveillance equipment..................................................................................52
3.5 Experimental set up ..................................................................................................52
3.5.1 Sound experiments ..............................................................................................52
3.5.2 Habituation in plaice.............................................................................................53
3.6 Evaluation of videos53
3.6.1 Distribution and behaviour....................................................................................53
3.6.2 Loudspeaker vicinity analysis...............................................................................55
4 RESULTS .......................................................................................................................57
4.1 Acoustic field in the experimental tank...................................................................57
4.1.1 Acoustic field with sound barriers.........................................................................57
4.1.1.1 Sound field using a sound source in quarter 4..............................................62
4.1.1.2 Background noise .........................................................................................63
4.1.2 Acoustic field without sound barriers....................................................................65
4.2 Behavioural experiments..........................................................................................71
4.2.1 Experiments using cod71
4.2.1.1 Observations without sound production ........................................................71
4.2.1.1.1 General behavioural ..................................................................................71
4.2.1.1.2 Distribution of cod in the tank ....................................................................71
4.2.1.1.3 Diel rhythm in cod......................................................................................72
4.2.1.1.4 Feeding......................................................................................................73
4.2.1.2 Behaviour of cod during sound production....................................................74
4.2.1.2.1 Tested frequency of 25 Hz ........................................................................74
4.2.1.2.2 uency of 60 Hz76
4.2.1.2.3 Tested frequency of 90 Hz78
4.2.1.2.4 uency of 125 Hz ......................................................................80
4.2.1.2.5 Tested frequency of 250 Hz82
4.2.1.2.6 Loudspeaker vicinity evaluation.................................................................83
4.2.1.3 Recapitulation of cod results.........................................................................86
4.2.2 Experiments using plaice .....................................................................................87
4.2.2.1 Observations without sound production ........................................................87
4.2.2.1.1 General behaviour87

4.2.2.1.2 Distribution of plaice in the tank.................................................................87
4.2.2.1.3 Diel rhythm in plaice ..................................................................................88
4.2.2.1.4 Feeding......................................................................................................93
4.2.2.2 Behaviour of plaice during sound production ................................................94
4.2.2.2.1 Tested frequency of 25 Hz ........................................................................94
4.2.2.2.2 uency of 60 Hz96
4.2.2.2.3 Tested frequency of 90 Hz98
4.2.2.2.4 uency of 125 Hz ....................................................................100
4.2.2.2.5 Tested frequency of 250 Hz102
4.2.2.2.6 Loudspeaker vicinity evaluation...............................................................104
4.2.2.2.7 Habituation of plaice to sound .................................................................105
4.2.2.3 Recapitulation of plaice results ...................................................................109
5 DISCUSSION................................................................................................................111
5.1 Experimental results ...............................................................................................111
5.1.1 Hydroacoustic field in the tank ...........................................................................111
5.1.1.1 Effect of boundaries on the sound field.......................................................111
5.1.1.2 Resonant frequency of the tank ..................................................................112
5.1.1.3 Comparison of sound level decrease in the tank with field conditions ........112
5.1.1.4 Hydrodynamic field......................................................................................112
5.1.2 Behavioural experiments....................................................................................113
5.1.2.1 Cod......