Between Western Europe and the Middle East : Changing patterns of Turkish Labour Migration - article ; n°1 ; vol.2, pg 37-58

Ian J.Seccombe, Richard Richardi.Lawless

Description

Revue européenne de migrations internationales - Année 1986 - Volume 2 - Numéro 1 - Pages 37-58
Entre l'Europe Occidentale et le Moyen-Orient : les changements de la migration turque
Ian J. SECCOMBE et Richard I. LAWLESS
Depuis 1973, avec la fermeture des marchés européens du travail aux nouveaux flux de main-d'œuvre étrangère, la Turquie a poursuivi une politique de réorientation de ses migrants fondée sur la pénétration du marché de la construction au Moyen-Orient par les entreprises turques. La croissance, l'organisation et les caractéristiques de ces deux phases de l'histoire de la migration turque sont comparées et présentent de forts contrastes. En particulier, l'accent est mis sur les origines géographiques des migrants et sur les taux d'émigration pendant les deux phases. De 1961 à 1973, la carte des origines géographiques des migrants reflète la domination des grandes villes et des régions développées de la Turquie de l'Ouest. La réorientation des migrants vers l'Arabie Saoudite, la Libye et l'Irak, s'est accompagnée d'une réduction de l'espace migratoire et d'un déplacement vers l'Est. Cette évolution de la carte régionale des départs est en rapport avec les changements dans le niveau de qualifications des migrants turcs et avec les mécanismes du système migratoire. La demande pour la main-d'œuvre turque dans les pays arabes n 'est plus à son maximum. Bien que ce mouvement migratoire ait produit des avantages financiers à court terme, il n'a qu'un effet limité sur les problèmes de l'emploi en Turquie.
Between Western Europe and the Middle East : Changing patterns of Turkish Labour Migration.
Ian J. SECCOMBE and Richard I. LAWLESS
Since the closure of West European labour markets to new labour inflows from 1973, Turkey has pursued a policy of migrant worker re-direction based on the successful penetration of the Middle East construction market by Turkish contractors. The growth, organization and characteristics of these two phases in Turkish migration history are compared and contrasted. Particular emphasis is paid to the patterns of migrant worker origin and rates of emigration in the two periods. During the period 1961-73 the pattern of migration was dominated by the metropolitan and developed areas of Western Turkey. The re-direction of migration to Saudi Arabia, Libya and Iraq has been accompanied by a contraction and eastward shift in the main areas of migrant origins. Developments in the pattern of migrant worker origins are related to changes in the skill composition of the migrants and the mechanisms of the migration process. Opportunities for the employment of Turkish workers in the Arab world appear to have peaked and, although it has produced some short-term financial advantages, it has had little effect on Turkey's employment problems.
Bati Avrupa ve Orta Doğu Arasinda : Türk Göçmen Işçilerinin Hareketlerindeki Değişiklikler.
Ian J. SECCOMBE and Richard I. LAWLESS
Bati Avrupa iş alanlarinin 1973 yilindan beri yeni işçilere kapanmasindan itibaren Türkiye göçmen işçilerini, Türk müteahhitlerinin Orta Doğu inşaat pazarlarina basariyle girmesi üzerine bu bölgelere yöneltme politikasi uygulanmağa başladi. Türk göçmen işçileri tarihindeki bu iki safhanin gelişmesi, organizasyonu ve özellikleri bu yazida karşilaştirilmaktadir. Her iki safhadaki göçmen işçilerin geldikleri bölgede ve göçme oranlari modelleri üzerinde özellikle durulmuştur. 1961-73 yillari arasindaki süre içinde göç modeli, Bati Türkiye şehirlerinin ve gelişmiş bölgelerinin hakimiyetini gösterir. Göçmen işçilerin daha sonra Suudi Arabistan'a, Libya'ya ve Irak'a yöneltilmesi yani sira işçilerin sayisinda bir azalma ve bu işçilerin daha ziyade doğu bölgelerinden geldikleri yerlerin ortaya koyduğu modeldeki gelişmeler, bu işçilerin becerisi kompozisyonunudaki değişmelerle ve göç sürecinin mekanizmalari ile ilişkilidir. Görünüşe göre Türk işçilerinin Arap aleminde istihdami zirviye varmiş olup kisa vadede bazi malî imkânlar sağlamaşsa da Türkiye 'nin işsizlik sorunlari üzerinde fazla bir etki yapmamiştir.
22 pages
Source : Persée ; Ministère de la jeunesse, de l’éducation nationale et de la recherche, Direction de l’enseignement supérieur, Sous-direction des bibliothèques et de la documentation.

Informations

• Publié par: REVUE_EUROPEENNE_DE_MIGRATIONS_INTERNATIONALES
• Publié le: 01 janvier 1986
• Nombre de lectures: 110
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 2 Mo

Extrait

Monsieur Ian J. Seccombe
Monsieur Richard I. Lawless
Between Western Europe and the Middle East : Changing
patterns of Turkish Labour Migration
In: Revue européenne de migrations internationales. Vol. 2 N°1. Septembre. Méditerranée. pp. 37-58.
Citer ce document / Cite this document :
Seccombe Ian J., Lawless Richard I. Between Western Europe and the Middle East : Changing patterns of Turkish Labour
Migration. In: Revue européenne de migrations internationales. Vol. 2 N°1. Septembre. Méditerranée. pp. 37-58.
http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/remi_0765-0752_1986_num_2_1_994Résumé
Entre l'Europe Occidentale et le Moyen-Orient : les changements de la migration turque
Ian J. SECCOMBE et Richard I. LAWLESS
Depuis 1973, avec la fermeture des marchés européens du travail aux nouveaux flux de main-d'œuvre
étrangère, la Turquie a poursuivi une politique de réorientation de ses migrants fondée sur la
pénétration du marché de la construction au Moyen-Orient par les entreprises turques. La croissance,
l'organisation et les caractéristiques de ces deux phases de l'histoire de la migration turque sont
comparées et présentent de forts contrastes. En particulier, l'accent est mis sur les origines
géographiques des migrants et sur les taux d'émigration pendant les deux phases. De 1961 à 1973, la
carte des origines géographiques des migrants reflète la domination des grandes villes et des régions
développées de la Turquie de l'Ouest. La réorientation des migrants vers l'Arabie Saoudite, la Libye et
l'Irak, s'est accompagnée d'une réduction de l'espace migratoire et d'un déplacement vers l'Est. Cette
évolution de la carte régionale des départs est en rapport avec les changements dans le niveau de
qualifications des migrants turcs et avec les mécanismes du système migratoire. La demande pour la
main-d'œuvre turque dans les pays arabes n 'est plus à son maximum. Bien que ce mouvement
migratoire ait produit des avantages financiers à court terme, il n'a qu'un effet limité sur les problèmes
de l'emploi en Turquie.
Abstract
Between Western Europe and the Middle East : Changing patterns of Turkish Labour Migration.
Ian J. SECCOMBE and Richard I. LAWLESS
Since the closure of West European labour markets to new labour inflows from 1973, Turkey has
pursued a policy of migrant worker re-direction based on the successful penetration of the Middle East
construction market by Turkish contractors. The growth, organization and characteristics of these two
phases in Turkish migration history are compared and contrasted. Particular emphasis is paid to the
patterns of migrant worker origin and rates of emigration in the two periods. During the period 1961-73
the pattern of migration was dominated by the metropolitan and developed areas of Western Turkey.
The re-direction of migration to Saudi Arabia, Libya and Iraq has been accompanied by a contraction
and eastward shift in the main areas of migrant origins. Developments in the pattern of migrant worker
origins are related to changes in the skill composition of the migrants and the mechanisms of the
migration process. Opportunities for the employment of Turkish workers in the Arab world appear to
have peaked and, although it has produced some short-term financial advantages, it has had little effect
on Turkey's employment problems.
özet
Bati Avrupa ve Orta Doğu Arasinda : Türk Göçmen Işçilerinin Hareketlerindeki Değişiklikler.
Ian J. SECCOMBE and Richard I. LAWLESS
Bati Avrupa iş alanlarinin 1973 yilindan beri yeni işçilere kapanmasindan itibaren Türkiye göçmen
işçilerini, Türk müteahhitlerinin Orta Doğu inşaat pazarlarina basariyle girmesi üzerine bu bölgelere
yöneltme politikasi uygulanmağa başladi. Türk göçmen işçileri tarihindeki bu iki safhanin gelişmesi,
organizasyonu ve özellikleri bu yazida karşilaştirilmaktadir. Her iki safhadaki göçmen işçilerin geldikleri
bölgede ve göçme oranlari modelleri üzerinde özellikle durulmuştur. 1961-73 yillari arasindaki süre
içinde göç modeli, Bati Türkiye şehirlerinin ve gelişmiş bölgelerinin hakimiyetini gösterir. Göçmen
işçilerin daha sonra Suudi Arabistan'a, Libya'ya ve Irak'a yöneltilmesi yani sira işçilerin sayisinda bir
azalma ve bu işçilerin daha ziyade doğu bölgelerinden geldikleri yerlerin ortaya koyduğu modeldeki
gelişmeler, bu işçilerin becerisi kompozisyonunudaki değişmelerle ve göç sürecinin mekanizmalari ile
ilişkilidir. Görünüşe göre Türk işçilerinin Arap aleminde istihdami zirviye varmiş olup kisa vadede bazi
malî imkânlar sağlamaşsa da Türkiye 'nin işsizlik sorunlari üzerinde fazla bir etki yapmamiştir.37
Revue Européenne
des Migrations Internationales
Volume 2 - N° 1
Septembre 1986
Between Western Europe
and the Middle East :
Changing patterns of Turkish
Labour Migration
Ian. J. SECCOMBE and Richard I. LAWLESS
Unlike some other Mediterranean countries with a colonial
past such as Spain, Portugal and Italy with their long history of overseas migrat
ion, large scale emigration from Turkey only began in the early 1960s but it
developed rapidly ('). The pattern of Turkey's contribution to the international
labour market has changed significantly during its short history of emigration for
employment. Initially supplying labour to Western Europe, Turkey has, since the
onset of the recession in the mid-1970s, increasingly supplied manpower to the
labour-short oil-exporting countries of the Arab world. This change in direction
has been accompanied by important developments in the characteristics of Turkish
migrants, the mechanisms of migration and by changes in the pattern of migrant
origins within Turkey (2). This paper will examine some of these changes and
consider their implications for Turkish migration policy.
TURKISH MIGRATION TO WESTERN EUROPE : ORIGINS,
GROWTH AND RECESSION
Beginning with the First Five Year Plan (1962-67) government agencies,
mainly the Turkish Employment Service, were encouraged to export surplus man
power by way of bilateral agreements. Turkey signed its first bilateral agreement
with the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) on October 30, 1961, followed by
treaties with Austria (May 6, 1964), France (April 8, 1966), Sweden (March 10,
1967) and Australia (October 5, 1967). For the majority of Turkish migrants
attempts to secure jobs abroad were mediated through administrative means and
based on these bilateral agreements. Nevertheless, the great attraction of employ- Ian J. Seccombe et Richard I. Lawless
ment abroad together with the inadequacies of the home labour market produced a
large number of applications and in some cases applicants had to wait 6-10 years
before being placed. This situation gave rise to an increase in the number of
clandestine workers.
Figure 1 : Turkish Workers Sent Abroad by the State Employment
Agency 1963 -May 1985
135 "
120 -
Illustration non autorisée à la diffusion
î — i — r May 1985
1981 1984 1963 1966 1969 1972 1975 1978
Until the mid-1970s migration for employment was directed predominantly
towards Western Europe and particularly to the FRG (see Fig. 1). The number of
Turkish workers employed in West Germany increased dramatically from 22,065 in
1963 to 615,827 in 1973 despite the brief economic recession of 1966-67. In 1973
some 78 per cent of all Turks employed abroad were working in the FRG. At first :
Between Western Europe and the Middle East Changing patterns of Turkish Labour Migration 39
almost all the migrants were men but, especially after 1967, the number of women
workers seeking employment in Europe increased. By 1973 women represented
22 per cent of all Turkish migrant workers in the FRG.
The boom conditions of the West European economies which brought about a
massive upsurge in labour migration from the Mediterranean during the 1960s
came to an abrupt end in the early 1970s. The economic recession in Western
Europe led to dramatic changes in immigration policies. The FRG completely
banned the entry of workers from outside the EEC in November 1973. France
followed suit a year later and most West European countries introduced similar
restrictive policies around the same time. By the mid 1970s the Federal Republic of
Germany, France, Belgium and the Netherlands had not only chosen to halt all
further immigration from non-EEC countries but they were seeking, in the face of
rising unemployment among their own nationals, to persuade the established
migrant community to return home. In 1977 France, for example, introduced an
« aid to return » programme offering a repatriation allowance of 10,000 FF to all
foreign workers both unemployed and employed who had worked in France for at
least five years. The scheme met with little success and was abandoned by the
Mitterrand adminis