Development of a cryogenic target system with optimal access to reaction detectors [Elektronische Ressource] / von Mamdouh Mohamed Abd El-Bary Dewidar

Sujets

• Physik

Informations

• Publié par: rheinisch-westfalischen_technischen_hochschule_-rwth-_aachen
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2004
• Nombre de lectures: 16
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 8 Mo

Extrait

“Development of a Cryogenic Target System with Optimal Access to
Reaction Detectors”
Von der Fakultät für Maschinenwesen
der Rheinisch-Westfälischen Technischen Hochschule Aachen
zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der
Ingenieurwissenschaften genehmigte Dissertation
von
Mamdouh Mohamed Abd El-Bary Dewidar
aus
El-Menoufia/Ägypten
2004
Diese Dissertation ist auf den Internetseiten der Hochschulbibliothek online verfügbar“Development of a Cryogenic Target System with Optimal Access to
Reaction Detectors”
Von der Fakultät für Maschinenwesen
der Rheinisch-Westfälischen Technischen Hochschule Aachen
zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der
Ingenieurwissenschaften genehmigte Dissertation
vorgelegt von
Mamdouh Mohamed Abd El-Bary Dewidar
aus
El-Menoufia/Ägypten
Berichter: Univ.- Prof. Dr.-Ing. Lorenz Singheiser
Univ.- Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Kurt Kilian
Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 20. Februar 2004
Diese Dissertation ist auf den Internetseiten der Hochschulbibliothek online verfügbarBerichte des Forschungszentrum Jülich; 4115
Institut für Kernphysik; Jül- 4115
ISSN – Nr. 0944-2952ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere thanks and gratitude to Univ.- Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Kurt
Kilian , director of Nuclear Physics Institute, Research Center Juelich (IKP, FZ-Juelich) for
the time and effort that he devoted to the supervision, guidance and creative suggestions and
discussions during all the stages of this work.
I would like to express my sincere thanks to Univ.- Prof. Dr.- Eng. Lorenz Singheiser,
director of Microstructure and Properties Institute (IWV2, FZ-Juelich), for his supervision,
continuous help and his contribution in carrying out the thesis.
I would like to express my sincerDr.- Eng. E. El-Magd, Faculty of
mechanical Engineering, Aachen University (RWTH Aachen) for his continuous help and
support during this work.
I would like to express my sincere thanks to Univ.- Prof. Dr.- Eng. K. Kugeler, Head of the
Institute of Safety Research for Nuclear Plants (ISR) for his continuous help and support
during this work.
I would like to express my sincere thanks to Dr. Eng. S. Abd El-Samad (Cyclotron project,
Nuclear Research Center, Cairo Egypt) for his valuable help and discussion during the
experimental work.
My deep thanks to Dr. T. Sefzick, Dipl.-Eng. N. Dolfus, Eng. J. Sarkadi (the Electronic Lab. -
IKP) and Eng. K. Krafft (the Cyclotron - IKP) for their help during the developments,
installation and tests for the TOF vacuum automatic control system and the experimental tests
and discussions.
My deep thanks to Dr. E. Roderburg (TOF group speaker- IKP) for his useful discussions and
help during this work.
My deep thanks to Dipl.-Eng. H. Hadamek (The mechanical workshop - IKP), for his
valuable help during the experimental tests, he fabricated all the required mechanical parts
(condensers, different Heat pipes and tubes) which were the basis of this work.
My deep thanks to Dipl.-Eng. N. Paul and Mr. J. Uehlemann for their valuable help in the
LH2 laboratory during the preparation for the tests and the mechanical manipulations.
I am very grateful to Prof. Dr. N. Comsan, Prof. Dr. Z. Saleh, Prof. Dr. A. Azzam, and Prof.
Dr. S. Saad, NRC, AEA, Egypt for their kind support.
I am very grateful to the INT and IKP, FZ-Juelich, Germany for the fellowship.
Finally, I am very grateful to my family for their patience all these years.
IKP, FZ-Juelich, Germany, 2004 Mamdouh Mohamed Abd El-Bary
-I--II-CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………………………………………………………….. I
NOMENCLATURE………………………………………………………………… VI
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG…………………………………………………………… VII
ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………. IX
1- INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………….. 1
1-1) The COSY Facility……………………………….…………………………... 1
1-2) The BIG KARL Spectrometer…………………..………………………….... 3
1-3) The Time Of Flight Experiment………………..…....………………………. 4
1-4) Requirements for the LH Target…………………………….………….…… 52
1-5) Heat Pipes…………………………………………………………………….. 8
2- STATE OF THE ART ………………………………...……………………... 11
2-1) Literature about Liquid Hydrogen/Deuterium targets...……………………… 11
2-2) Relevant Literature about Heat Pipes ………………...……………………… 12
2-3) Control Systems……………………………………...………………………. 13
3- THE GOAL OF THE WORK AND CONSEQUENCES …………………... 15
3-1) Overview of the Objectives...………………………………………………… 15
3-2) Reduction of Passive Material…………………………………………….…. 17
3-3) Advanced Target Systems………………………………………………….… 18
4- EXPERIMENTAL ASPECTS……………………..……………………….… 19
4-1) Target Test Apparatus………………………………………………………... 19
4-2) The Pressure Stabilization System…………………………………………… 20
4-3) The Cold Head……………………………………………………………….. 20
4-4) Measurements of Target Parameters…………………………………………. 21
4-5) Target Cooling by the Heat Pipe……………………………………………... 23
4-6) Heat Pipe Target System Performance Measurements………………………. 27
4-7) TOF Vacuum System……………………………………….……………….. 27
4-8) TOF Vacuum and Temperature Measurements……………………………… 28
4-9) Vacuum Performance Around the Target …………………………………… 29
5- RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS …………………………….………………. 33
5-1) History of Developments …………………………………………………… 33
5-2) Condenser …………………………………………………………………... 35
5-2-1) The Condenser Material…………..……………….………………….. 35
5-2-2) Improvements with Aluminum Condenser………..………………….. 36
-III-5-3) Heat Pipe Target System …………………………………………………... 40
40 5-3-1) The Standard Target System with 7mm Heat Pipe …………………...
40 5-3-1-1) Construction and properties…………………………………………
40 5-3-1-2) The cool down time ……………………………………………..….
5-3-2) The 2m Heat Pipe Target System ……….…………………………….. 44
5-3-2-1) Construction …………………………….…………………………. 44
5-3-2-2) The cool down time ………………………….……………………. 46
5-3-2-3) Behavior in the steady state operating mode………………………. 52
5-3-2-4) Temperature difference between the HP condenser and evaporator. 52
5-3-2-5) Thermal conductivity…..………………………………………….. 55
5-3-2-6) Liquid mass in the heat pipe target system ………………………... 59
5-3-2-7) Transport of mass and heat……………………………………..….. 61
5-3-2-8) Pressure in the heat pipe target system……………………………. 63
5-4) Regulation of Condenser Temperature ………………………………….. 66
5-4-1) Condenser Temperature Fluctuation……………………………….……... 66
5-4-2) Fluctuation with Thermal Resistance and Heating……………………….. 68
5-4-3) Control of the Cool down Time with Thermal Resistance…………..…… 69
5-5) Cold Gas Target …………………..……………………..………………… 72
5-5-1) Why Cold Gas Target …………………………………………………… 72
5-5-2) Cold Gas Target Principle………………………………………………... 74
5-5-3) Heat Pipe Modification………………….………………………………... 75
nd 5-5-4) Diffusion Through the Rubber Balloon (2 Gas Reservoir)……………… 76
5-5-5) Cold Gas Target Performance Measurements…………………….………. 78
5-6) The Automatic Control System (ACS) for the Vacuum…...……………... 82
5-6-1) Construction of the ACS...…………………………….…………………... 82
5-6-2) Possibilities in the ACS…………………………………………………… 84
5-6-3) Testing the ACS…………………………………………………………… 85
5-6-4) The ACS User Interface ……………...…………………………………… 86
5-6-5) Implosion Monitor for TOF Vacuum Safety……………………………… 87
6- ASPECTS OF COOL DOWN TIME.………………………………………… 90
6-1) Estimation of the Cool down Time ……………………………..………… 90
6-1-1) Condenser………………………………………………………………….. 90
6-1-2) 7mm- Diameter Heat Pipe…………..……………………………………... 91
6-1-3) Cold Gas Target………………………………….………………………... 92
6-2) Future Changes and Improvements……...……………………………….. 92
6-2-1) Different Shapes of Heat Pipes.. ………………………………………….. 92
6-2-3) Ceramic Condenser ……………………………………………………… 93
-IV-6-3) Possible Improvements ……………………………….….………………… 93
6-3-1) Thinner Beam Windows of the Target Cell………...…...………………… 93
6-3-2) The Temperature Gradient in the Cold Gas Target Cell……..……………. 94
7- FURTHER APPLICATIONS FOR THE LH TARGET ………………...… 952
7-1) The Use for COSY Experiments …………………………………………... 95
7-1-1) Heat Pipes with Different Shapes……………...………………………….. 95
7-1-2) Target Cells with Different Shapes and Thickness.……………………….. 95
7-1-3) Cold Gas Target for TOF………………………………………………….. 96
7-2) Using LH in Other Facilities ……………………………………………..2 96
7-2-1) Cherenkov Counters……………………………………………………..... 96
7-2-2) LH as a car Fuel ………………………………………………………….2 98
8- CONCLUSION ……………………………………………………………….. 100
9- REFERENCES ……………………………………………………………….. 102
10- APPENDICES …………………………………...……………………………. 107
A: Cryogenic Cooling Unit…………………………………………………………... 107
B: Phase Diagram of H and D …………………………………….………………..2 2 109
C: Phase Diagram of N and CH …………….……………………….……………..2 4 109
3 4D: Thermal Properties for H , D , N , CH , He, He and Air……………………...2 2 2 4 110
E: Electronic Components.…………………………………………………………… 111
F: ACS Flow Charts……………………...…………………………………………... 112
LEBENSLAUF …………………………………………………………………….. 117
CURRICULUM VITAE…………………………………………………………… 118
-V-NOMENCLATURE
A cross-sectional area of vapor flow passage;v
Aa of liquid flow passage;l
C specific heat;
D diameter of vapor flow passage;v