Disaster risk preparedness [Elektronische Ressource] : the role of risk governance, multi-institutional arrangements and polycentric frameworks for a resilient tsunami early warning system in Indonesia / vorgelegt von Denis Chang Seng

Denis Chang Seng

Sujets

• Social work

Informations

• Publié par: rheinische_friedrich-wilhelms-universitat_bonn
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 12
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 5 Mo

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DISASTER RISK PREPAREDNESS

The Role of Risk Governance, Multi-Institutional
Arrangements and Polycentric Frameworks for a Resilient
Tsunami Early Warning System in Indonesia

Dissertation
zur
Erlangung des Doktorgrades (Dr. rer. nat.)
der
Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät
der
Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn


vorgelegt von

Denis Chang Seng

aus

Seychelles
Bonn, June 2010





Angefertigt mit Genehmigung der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der
Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn























1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Hans-Georg Bohle
2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Jürgen Pohl

Tag der Promotion: 20.07.2010

Erscheinungsjahr: 2010




Abstract

This study examines, discusses and provides insights into tsunami risk resilience through an
analysis of systems of governance, their architecture, and actor-agent perspectives,
concentrating on the development of a Tsunami Early Warning System (TEWS) in
Indonesia.

The key problem is that so far, little attention has been paid to the cross-cutting issues of
governance and institutions involved in such an Early Warning System (EWS). There is also
no integrated and comprehensive framework to enquire into and analyse the role of multi-
level and cross-scale governance and institutions in the context of EWSs. Institutional
analyses have focused on investigating the governance of natural resources and
applications in new institutional economics and internal relations. In addition, current efforts
are focused on building tsunami resilience based on either the four phase EWS model or the
disaster management cycle only, and do not pay adequate attention to socio-ecological
resilience attributes such as adapting and fitting systems according to ecological challenges.
The main argument of this study is that an effective and sustainable EWS depends on multi-
level governance, institutional arrangements, and frameworks that draw on attributes of
resilience capacities of managing the uncertain tsunami hazard risk and its interaction with
social-ecological systems.
Therefore, a comprehensive integrated framework is developed and employed to structure
inquiry, and analyse governance and institutions in the context of the TEWS. The study
employs a system-architecture-actor-oriented approach based on institutional analyses. It
is mainly based on qualitative methodologies and data collected in Jakarta, Bali and Padang,
Indonesia during the development of the TEWS in Indonesia.
The key findings of this research highlight the underlying conditions that caused the coping
thcapacity to be severely exceeded in the 26 December 2004 tsunami disaster in Indonesia.
It argues and outlines the hindering and driving factors for institutional change in disaster
risk management and points out the challenges in implementing and sustaining an effective
TEWS based on prevailing systems of governance in Indonesia. On the other hand, it shows
the emerging TEWS-related architecture in terms of the new TEWS design, supporting
multi-institutional arrangements, frameworks and structures.
The actors’ interaction with the TEWS architecture from the national to the local level
underlines the highly debated and negotiated issues and improving good governance
attributes centred on the creation of hazard-risk maps for further evacuation, spatial



planning and development and preparedness versus response financing. The study outlines
the key contrast in rooting TEWS in Padang and Bali based on demographic differences.
ESG (2009) defines agency as the capacity to act in the face of earth system transformation
or to produce effects that ultimately shape natural processes. This study also identifies and
shows how agency for effective governance was exercised beyond the state in relation to
the TEWS in Indonesia. The study explores the issues of TEWS effectiveness to this end and
identifies the main unsatisfactory outcome and proposes multi-level incentive mechanisms
beyond systems of governance and state agency to motivate change at operational and
policy level to sustain an effective TEWS in Indonesia.
The findings suggest that the developing polycentric and multi-layered institutions and
structures synchronized according to the decentralized political-administrative system are
ideal governance architectures for improved performance and for building national resilience
to local and trans-boundary multi-hazard risks and disaster in Indonesia. However, it is
argued that such a polycentric multilayered architecture and top-down technocratic TEWS is
not completely adequate for dealing with local field earthquake generated tsunami risks due
to problems of fit, adaptability, institutional diversity and norms in Indonesia. Tensions
constantly emerge and are contested about the actual primary mode of TEWS governance.
Hence, a theoretical basis of an effective and sustainable TEWS process and framework is
proposed, drawing on the theoretical concepts, observations, experiences and empirical
findings in Indonesia. It is a mixture model of the EWS process consisting of the local
people-centred-adaptive approach and the national technocratic system approach to
address the challenging issues of tsunami resilience in Indonesia. Other specific
recommendations are also put forward to help improve the TEWS in Indonesia.
Key limitations of the research such as deeper analysis of internal institutional capacities,
and institutional performances are also highlighted.
To conclude, the role of risk governance, multi-institutional arrangements and polycentric
frameworks in the context of the TEWS has strengthened the tsunami resilience capacities
of Indonesia; but are strongly affected by institutional path dependencies. The future of
INATEWS should settle on system and people-centred approaches, improved coastal city
planning and governance to build effective and sustained resilience to uncertain tsunami
risks.







Acknowledgment

I would like to express my deep and sincere gratitude to my first supervisor, Professor Dr.
Hans-George Bohle for being an excellent listener, for his encouragement, and most of all
for his wide knowledge and academic guidance and support throughout my entire PhD. I am
also deeply grateful to my second supervisor, Professor Jürgen Pohl who also gave
important advice and academic feedback on my PhD. Very special thanks to Professor
Bogardi for his advice, excellent academic comments and very detailed corrections to some
of the key chapters of my PhD. I also wish to express my warm and sincere thanks to Dr.
Juan Carlos Villagrán for his supervision and assistance, particularly in drafting the first PhD
proposal, followed by Dr Dusan Sakulski as my second supervisor, and finally Dr. Jörn
Birkmann as my third supervisor at the United Nations University-Institute for Environment
and Human Security during the last three years. I also warmly thank my PhD friends
especially Nishara Fenando, who provided important comments and feedback on some of
the chapters.

In Indonesia, I am deeply grateful to the many people who facilitated my work and
provided me with their kind-hearted assistance. Special thanks to Volker Stapke, Nurlina
Damawan and Fenno Brunken. I also extend my thanks to all the actors in Indonesia for
their cooperation and valuable assistance in this PhD research.

I am thankful to the German Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System (GITEWS) project
for funding my PhD research, and the United Nations University-Institute for Environment
and Human Security (UNU-EHS) for the administration and provision of the excellent
working environment at the UN Campus in Bonn. I owe my most sincere gratitude to
Professor Torsten Schlurmann, the first person with whom I discussed the possibility of
doing a PhD at UNU-EHS in Bonn, Germany. Very special thanks go to Evalyne Katabaro
and Dr. Thomas Zschocke for their administrative support and advice throughout this
research.

I also would like to take this opportunity to thank Mr. Christopher Kennard from Anchor
English in UK for proofreading services.

My deepest sincere thanks are dedicated to my wife, Bharaty, for providing the mental
support, advice and assistance on a daily basis that enabled me to succeed in this very
challenging endeavour. In the Seychelles, I thank my family for supporting me, and my son
Shane for his understanding of the importance of reaching this milestone. Finally, I dedicate
this PhD work to my son, Deevahn.



Contents
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 What is this Study About? ....................................... 1
1.2 The Importance of Early Warning Systems ............................................. 1
1.3