Draining for profit, and draining for health

George Edwin Waring

Description

_m^,3 DRAIIVING FOR PROFIT. 4— tx /^'AND DRAINING FOR HEALTH. BY GEO. E. WARING, Jr., ENGINEKR OF THE DRAINAGE OF THE CENTRAL PARK, NEW-YORK. " IJf PBAINAGE WHICHEVKKT BEPOKTED CASK OF FAILrBE WE HAVE INVE8TI- **GATED,HAS BXSOLTED ITSELF INTO laXOBAXCE, BLUSDBBINQ, BAD MANAOEMEKT, "OB BAD EXECUTION."—G^ ||! 48.—Old system of house drainage, from Report of Board of I j ^ •'•' "" Health, (England).49.—New J } — TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. WHY.LAND TO BE DRAINED, AND THE REASONS draining. of water. ObjectionsIndications of tlie need of —Sources — water.—Wet sub-soil.to too much CHAPTER II. AFFECT THE SOIL.now DRAINS ACT, AND HOW THEY rain-waterCharacteristics of a well laid tile-drain.—Surface-water and springs and soakage-water injurious. Cracking of stiff clays.beneficial, — Evaporation and filtration.—Rain-fall.—Evaporation.—Temperature. soil.Drought.—Porosity or mellowness.—Chemical action in the CHAPTER III. HOW TO GO TO WORK TO LAY OUT A SYSTEM OF DRAINS. Amateur draining—Maps.—Levelling instruments.—Outlets and loca- tion of drains.—Main drains.—Spring water.—Fall.—Tiles.—Depth and distance apart.—Direction of laterals.—Collars.—Discharge of water from drains, CHAPTER IV. HOW TO MAKE THE DRAINS. Tools.—Marking the line^5.—Water-courses. Outlets. Silt-Basins.—— — Opening tlie ditches.—Grading.—Tile laying.—Connections.—Covering ,tlic tile and filling in.—Collecting tlic water of springs.—Amending the i^ap. CHAPTER V. HOW TO TAKE CARE OF DRAINS AND DRAINED LAND.

Sujets

• Drainage

Informations

• Publié par: les_archives_du_savoir
• Nombre de lectures: 17
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 11 Mo

Extrait

_m^,3
DRAIIVING FOR PROFIT.
4— tx /^'AND
DRAINING FOR HEALTH.
BY
GEO. E. WARING, Jr.,
ENGINEKR OF THE DRAINAGE OF THE CENTRAL PARK, NEW-YORK.
" IJf PBAINAGE WHICHEVKKT BEPOKTED CASK OF FAILrBE WE HAVE INVE8TI-
**GATED,HAS BXSOLTED ITSELF INTO laXOBAXCE, BLUSDBBINQ, BAD MANAOEMEKT,
"OB BAD EXECUTION."—G<«6orn«.
ILLUSTRATED.
6:5
YORK:NEW
& COMPANY,ORANGE JUDD
41 PARK ROW.42819^
r
r; 'bttAkf
o
^,r^vs
Entered according to Act ofCongress, in tlie year 1867, by
ORANGE JUDD & CO.
At Clerli's Office of the Districtthe Court of the United States for the
Sonthern District of New-York.
LovBJOY & Son,
Electkotypees and Stkeeottpers.
15 Vandewater street N. Y.PREFATORY NOTE.
In presenting this book to the public the writer desires
say that, having in view the great importance of thor-to
land draining, and believing advisableough work in it to
avoid every thing which might be construed into an ap-
proval half-way measures, he has pui-posely taken theof
whole subject, and hasmost radical view of the endeavored
to emphasize the necessity for the utmost thoroughness in
all draining operations, from the first staking of the lines
to the final fiUing-in of the ditches.
That it is sometimes necessary,because of limitedmeans,
or limited time, or for other good reasons, to drain partially
only temporary results,or imperfectly, or with a view to
is freely acknowledged. In these cases the occasion for
less completeness in the work must determine the extent
to which the directions herein laid down are to be disre-
garded; but it is believed that, even in such cases, the
principles on which those directions are founded should
be always bonie in mind.
Nkwbort, R. I., 1867.)
OF ILLUSTRATIONS.LIST
Madden's lecture) 13Fig. 1.—A dry soil, (from Dr.
"" "" 132.—A wet soil
"" "3. drained soil" 14—A
'• 4. Amap land with swamps, rocks, springs and trees 50— of
" 5. with squares and contour lines 51—Map .50-foot
" 6. Levelling instrument 52—
" 7.— " rod 53
" 8.—Map with contour lines 54
9.—Wells' Clinometer 56
" 10.—Stone pit to connect springwith drain 59
" 6011.— pit and tile-basin for same object
" 6512.—Line of saturation between drains
" 13.—Horse-shoe tile TO
" 8014.—Sole-tile
" 8015.—Double-sole-tile
" 8116.—Round tile (or pipe) and collar
" 17.—
" inclinations 9218.— VThree profiles of drains with different
"
19.-
)
" 9820.—Map with drains and contour lines
" 10621.—Profile of Drain C
" Terres Arables) 11422.—Set of tools, (from Drainage des
" 23. masonry and grating, (from the same) 118—Outlet secured with
" 24. surface 121—Silt-basin, built to the
" Finishing spade . .12325.—
" 26.— " scoop 123
" 27.—Bracing the sicles of drains in soft land 124
" 28.—Measuring staff 124
" 29.—Boning-llod 125
" Terres30.—Position of workman, and use of scoop, (from Drainage des
126Arables)
" 12631.—Use of Boning-Rods
" 13132.—Tile-pick
" 13433.—Lateral drain entering at top ofmain
" 13434.—Sectional vjew of joint
" 35. 135—Square, brick silt-basin
" 13436.—Silt-basin of vitrified pipe
" 37.—Tile Silt-basin 136
" 38.—Maul for ramming 138
" 39.—Board scraper for filling ditches 140
" 14140.—Drain with a furrow at each side
" 15641.—Foot-pick
" 42.—Pug-Mill 179
•' '... 18043.—Plate of dies :
" des Terres Arables),44.—Cheap wooden machine, (from Drainage 181
" 45. carrying tiles from machine, (from the same) 183—Mandril for
" Royal Agricultural Society) 18446.—Clay-kiln, (fromJoiirual
47.—Dyke and ditch ••l'>^
||!
48.—Old system of house drainage, from Report of Board of
I j ^
•'•' "" Health, (England).49.—New
J
}