Economic analysis of water use and management in the Middle Drâa valley in Morocco [Elektronische Ressource] / von Claudia Heidecke

Claudia Heidecke

Informations

• Publié par: rheinische_friedrich-wilhelms-universitat_bonn
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2009
• Nombre de lectures: 20
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 3 Mo

Extrait

Institut für Lebensmittel- und Ressourcenökonomik der
Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Bonn
_____________________________________________________________________________
Economic analysis of water use and management in
the Middle Drâa valley in Morocco
I n a u g u r a l - D i s s e r t a t i o n
zur
Erlangung des Grades
Doktor der Agrarwissenschaften
(Dr.agr.)
der
Hohen Landwirtschaftlichen Fakultät
der
Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität
zu Bonn
vorgelegt am 22. September 2009
von
Claudia Heidecke
aus MünsterReferent: Prof. Dr. Thomas Heckelei
Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Karin Holm-Müller
Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 11. Dezember 2009
Erscheinungsjahr: 2010
Diese Dissertation ist auf dem Hochschulschriftenserver der ULB Bonn
elektronisch publiziert (http://hss.ulb.uni-bonn.de/diss_online).Acknowledgements
During the course of the research of this thesis many people helped me in a
professional or a personal way, and it would take too long to list all of them.
However, some people have provided a special input or advice. First of all, I
would like to thank Prof. Heckelei for his overall extraordinary support during the
PhD time at the Institute of Food and Resource Economics (ILR) and his constant
guidance and advice. In particular Chapter seven of this thesis was developed in
close cooperation with him and I am sincerely grateful for his scientific input.
Furthermore, I very much appreciate Prof. Holm-Müller’s evaluation of this
thesis. Within our working group Dr. Arnim Kuhn was a helpful supervisor and a
fantastic mentor during the last few years. The joint list of publication
demonstrates this and shows that I learnt a lot from him. I was able to profit a lot
from previous work from Tanja Schmidt who left behind a good data basis and
literature about Morocco. My long time office mate Ina Gruber was a tutor and
friend over all the years at the ILR. Aline Abels, Maurice Lorka and Hugo Storm
contributed with translations and data assistance. I would like to thank all the
colleagues from the ILR for many lunch time discussions and self-supported
working groups and individual help and exchanges of information. Furthermore, I
would like to thank all my IMPETUS (Integratives Management-Projekt für einen
effizienten und tragfähigen Umgang mit Süßwasser in Westafrika) colleagues for
their constant help and exchange of data and ideas. Notably, I would like to give a
special thanks to Stephan Klose, Henning Busche, Kai Born, Anna Klose,
Andreas Roth, Stephan Platt, Sonja Breuer and Oliver Schulz for helpful
contributions for the work in this thesis. The conducted survey within this study
would not have been possible without the help of two translators in Morocco,
namely Ridouane Oumouch and Hamd El Mansouri, who spent much time in the
field with me and who taught me a lot about the Moroccan culture. All the
farmers who participated in the survey deserve special thanks for their time and
hospitality. I would like to thank Jamal Ait El Hadj, Prof. Doukkali, Moha
Haddouch, Mustafa El Sabbar, the partners from the ORMVAO (Office régionale
de Mise en Valeur Agricole de Ouarzazate) and many other collaborators in
Morocco for their constant support and help. I am grateful to Ann DeVoy for
intensive English and Marie Charlotte Vuaillat for French proofreading.
I gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the IMPETUS project which
was sponsored by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research
(BMBF) under grant No. 01 LW 0301A and by the Ministry of Science and
Research (MWF) of the federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia under grant No.
223-21200200. I also would like to express my sincere thanks to my friends and
my family. They were not only an inspiration but also a helpful distraction from
the thesis and altogether a constant support. I would like to thank my parents for
continuous motivation and assistance, Guenther for his helpful general advice and
my sister Sabine for many helpful discussions. Finally, I would like to thank
Alexander for his help and modelling assistance but even more for ceaseless
backup and encouragement. iiAbstract of the Dissertation
Economic analysis of water use and management in the Middle
Drâa valley in Morocco
Claudia Heidecke
In arid and semi arid regions of the world irrigation is crucial for agricultural
production as it stabilizes the water supply for crops and, hence, prevents extreme
fluctuations in production and prices. In the Drâa river basin in southern Morocco
agricultural production is highly dependent on irrigation as precipitation rates are
not sufficient for crop water requirements. The objective of the thesis is to analyze
the economic impact of water use on agriculture for the Middle Drâa river basin.
The thesis develops an integrated approach for water management of the six Drâa
oases and contributes to the discussion of the impact of climate change and water
shortage on the income situation of the farmers in arid regions.
At first an introduction to the economics of water management and a
methodological background for this study is given. This is followed in Chapter 2
by an analysis of water resources and water management. Water for irrigation is
provided by two sources: surface water from releases of a reservoir and
groundwater from shallow aquifers. Ground- and surface water use and their
interactions constitute a complex system of conjunctive water use between the six
oases.
Chapter 3 analyses agricultural production which is an important activity in the
region. Survey data is used to understand farmer’s production structure and
strategies under water scarcity which confirmed that water is the major production
constraint.
The thesis proceeds along four papers in which a model is developed and
applied for policy analysis. The model maximizes farm income over all oases
under water resource constraints. In order to realistically represent the situation,
the conjunctive use of surface and groundwater and their interactions are
endogenously modeled.
In the first paper in Chapter 4 the model is applied in a recursive-dynamic
evaluation to assess the impact of groundwater charges on agricultural water use.
The paper concludes that groundwater pricing stabilizes water availability and
groundwater tables over years.
The second paper in Chapter 5 builds upon Chapter 4 and compares surface
and groundwater pricing and a combination of the two options. The relationships
between water use and income are analyzed in detail. The chapter concludes that
groundwater pricing is a favorable option as the stabilization function of
groundwater can thus be internalized. Pricing only surface water would not meet
iiithe goal of resource conservation and would impose an extreme financial burden
on the farmers.
In the third paper in Chapter 6 the model is further extended to incorporate
water quality being an important constraint to crop yield formation. Sensitivity
analysis is conducted to distinguish the effects of water deficit and salt rates in
irrigation water.
The fourth paper in Chapter 7 addresses the impact of climate change on the
income situation considering water quantity and water quality. Water inflow
distributions are estimated based on historical data and climate change scenarios
and are introduced into the model as a random variable to capture the stochastic
nature of surface water availability. Monte Carlo technique is applied to obtain
water use and farm income for current and for future climatic conditions. The
stabilization value of groundwater is derived for all scenarios. It is found that the
stabilization value decreases under increasing water scarcity as the share of
groundwater use increases which raises the concentration of salt in irrigation
water that reduces the economic value of groundwater.
In the end of the thesis the major findings are summarized and
recommendations for future research of water management are given.
Keywords: Conjunctive water management, integrated hydro-economic modeling,
Morocco, water economics, water use, water quality
ivKurzfassung der Dissertation
Ökonomische Analyse der Wassernutzung und des
Wassermanagements im Mittleren Drâa-Tal in Marokko
Claudia Heidecke
In ariden und semi-ariden Gebieten der Erde ist Bewässerung für die
landwirtschaftliche Produktion entscheidend, um Wasserverfügbarkeit zu
gewährleisten und Preise und Produktion zu stabilisieren. Im Drâa-Einzugsgebiet
im südlichen Marokko ist die Landwirtschaft abhängig von der Bewässerung, da
der Niederschlag den Bewässerungsbedarf der Pflanzen nicht decken kann. Ziel
dieser Arbeit ist die Auswirkungen von Wassernutzung auf das
landwirtschaftliche Einkommen im Mittleren Drâa-Tal zu analysieren. Die
Dissertation entwickelt einen integrierten Ansatz für das Wassermanagement im
Drâa-Tal und trägt zur Diskussion über die Auswirkungen von Klimawandel und
Wasserknappheit auf landwirtschaftliche Einkommen in trockenen Regionen bei.
Zu Beginn der Arbeit wird ein Überblick über ökonomische Aspekte