Effects of human activities on southern giant petrels and skuas in the Antarctic [Elektronische Ressource] / von Simone Pfeiffer

Simone Pfeiffer

Informations

• Publié par: friedrich-schiller-universitat_jena
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2004
• Nombre de lectures: 65
• Langue: Deutsch
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 10 Mo

Extrait

Effects of Human Activities
on Southern Giant Petrels and Skuas
in the Antarctic
Dissertation
zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades
doctor rerum naturalium (Dr. rer. nat.)
vorgelegt dem Rat der Biologisch-Pharmazeutischen Fakultät
der Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena
von Diplom-Biologin Simone Pfeiffer
geboren am 30. Januar 1975 in Marienberg
Jena, den 06.12.2004Gutachter:
1.: ..Prof. Dr. Halle.............................................................................
2.: ..Prof. Dr. Becker.............................................................
3.: ..Prof. Dr. Wallschläger.................................................
Tag der Doktorprüfung: .18.04.2005..................................................
Tag der öffentlichen Verteidigung: .10.05.2005.................................CONTENTS
List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. iii
List of Figures................................................................................................................................. iv
11 INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................
3 1.1 Study objectives ...........................................................................................................
2 STUDY AREA AND SPECIES
2.1 Study Area ................................................................................................................... 6
2.1.1 Human Activities .................................................................................................... 7
2.1.2 Relative Importance of Stressors............................................................................. 12
2.2 Southern Giant Petrels................................................................................................... 13
2.3 Skuas............................................................................................................................. 14
3 EFFECTS OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES ON BEHAVIOUR AND HEART RATE OF SOUTHERN
GIANT PETRELS
3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 15
3.2 Methods ........................................................................................................................ 15
3.2.1 Behaviour ............................................................................................................... 16
3.2.2 Heart Rate ............................................................................................................... 17
3.3 Results .......................................................................................................................... 19
3.3.1 Behaviour ............................................................................................................... 19
3.3.2 Heart Rate ............................................................................................................... 23
3.4 Discussion .................................................................................................................... 27
4 EFFECTS OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES ON BEHAVIOUR AND HEART RATE OF SKUAS
4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 33
4.2 Methods ........................................................................................................................ 34
4.2.1 Behaviour ............................................................................................................... 34
4.2.2 Heart Rate ............................................................................................................... 34
4.3 Results .......................................................................................................................... 35
4.3.1 Behaviour ............................................................................................................... 35
4.3.2 Heart Rate ............................................................................................................... 38
4.4 Discussion .................................................................................................................... 45
5 EFFECTS OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES ON HORMONE LEVELS OF SOUTHERN GIANT
PETRELS AND SKUAS
5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 49
5.2 Methods ........................................................................................................................ 50
5.3 Results .......................................................................................................................... 51
5.3.1 Southern Giant Petrels ............................................................................................ 51
5.3.2 Skuas ...................................................................................................................... 53
5.4 Discussion .................................................................................................................... 57
i6 EFFECTS OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES ON REPRODUCTIVE PARAMETERS
6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 62
6.2 Methods ......................................................................................................................... 62
6.3 Southern Giant Petrels: Results and Discussion ........................................................... 63
6.4 Skuas: Results and Discussion ...................................................................................... 66
7 RISK ASSESSMENT AND SPECIES PROTECTION MEASURES
7.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 70
7.2 Risk Assessment............................................................................................................. 70
7.2.1 Human Activities...................................................................................................... 70
7.2.2 Relative Importance of Stressors ............................................................................. 72
7.2.3 Planned Human Activities and Their Possible Consequences ................................ 74
7.3 Existing Protection Measures......................................................................................... 74
7.4 Recommended Minimum Distances ............................................................................. 75
7.4.1 Recommendations for Visits ................................................................................... 75
7.4.2 Recommendations for Air Traffic ........................................................................... 76
7.5 Recommendations for Zoning ....................................................................................... 77
7.6 Scientific and Management Activities ........................................................................... 78
8 ECOLOGICAL STUDIES TOWARD THE MANAGEMENT OF AN ANTARCTIC TOURIST
LANDING SITE
8.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 79
8.2 Methods ......................................................................................................................... 80
8.3 Results ........................................................................................................................... 82
8.4 Discussion ..................................................................................................................... 84
9 FINAL DISCUSSION AND OUTLOOK
9.1 Final Discussion ............................................................................................................ 88
9.2. Outlook.......................................................................................................................... 94
95SUMMARY ..........................................................................................................................
97ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ........................................................................................................
99REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iiLIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1. List of existing stations and field huts on the Fildes Peninsula ............................... 7
Table 2.2. Summary of flight activities around the Fildes Peninsula ....................................... 10
Table 2.3. List of received maximum sound levels of objects measured in bird breeding sites 11
Table 2.4. Assumed effects of stressors on parameters and characteristics of stres