Electrical receptive fields and cortical activation spread in response to electrical retina stimulation [Elektronische Ressource] : assessment of spatio-temporal resolution for a retina implant / by Marcus Wilms
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Electrical receptive fields and cortical activation spread in response to electrical retina stimulation [Elektronische Ressource] : assessment of spatio-temporal resolution for a retina implant / by Marcus Wilms

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Electrical Receptive Fields and CorticalActivation Spread in Response to ElectricalRetina Stimulation. Assessment of Spatio–Temporal Resolution for a Retina Implant.Dissertationin partial fulfillment of therequirements for the degree ofDoctor in Natural SciencebyMarcus WilmsDepartment of Applied Physics / NeurophysicsPhilipps-University MarburgDecember, 2001Elektrische rezeptive Felder und kortikaleAktivit¨atsverteilung nach elektrischer Reizungder Retina. Bestimmung der raum–zeitlichenAufl¨osung fur¨ ein Retina Implantat.Dissertationzur Erlangung desDoktorgradesder Naturwissenschaften(Dr. rer. nat.)demFachbereich Physikder Philipps–Universit¨at Marburgvorgelegt vonMarcus Wilmsaus ViersenMarburg/Lahn im Dezember 2001iAbstractGoal. Macula degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa are the most frequentlydiagnosed ailments in blind people. The former is the leading cause of blind-ness in the western world. To restore some vision to blind patients suffer-ing from these conditions, several research groups jointly aim at developing amicro-electronicprosthesis. Thegoalistoelectricallystimulateneuronsintheretina, evoking activity in corresponding cortical neurons and hence pseudo-visual sensations in blind patients. This concept is based on the finding thatpatterns of simple visual sensations can be elicited in response to epi-retinalpattern electrical stimulation (Humayun et al., 1999).

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Publié le 01 janvier 2001
Nombre de lectures 13
Langue English
Poids de l'ouvrage 3 Mo

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Electrical Receptive Fields and Cortical
Activation Spread in Response to Electrical
Retina Stimulation. Assessment of Spatio–
Temporal Resolution for a Retina Implant.
Dissertation
in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of
Doctor in Natural Science
by
Marcus Wilms
Department of Applied Physics / Neurophysics
Philipps-University Marburg
December, 2001Elektrische rezeptive Felder und kortikale
Aktivit¨atsverteilung nach elektrischer Reizung
der Retina. Bestimmung der raum–zeitlichen
Aufl¨osung fur¨ ein Retina Implantat.
Dissertation
zur Erlangung des
Doktorgrades
der Naturwissenschaften
(Dr. rer. nat.)
dem
Fachbereich Physik
der Philipps–Universit¨at Marburg
vorgelegt von
Marcus Wilms
aus Viersen
Marburg/Lahn im Dezember 2001i
Abstract
Goal. Macula degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa are the most frequently
diagnosed ailments in blind people. The former is the leading cause of blind-
ness in the western world. To restore some vision to blind patients suffer-
ing from these conditions, several research groups jointly aim at developing a
micro-electronicprosthesis. Thegoalistoelectricallystimulateneuronsinthe
retina, evoking activity in corresponding cortical neurons and hence pseudo-
visual sensations in blind patients. This concept is based on the finding that
patterns of simple visual sensations can be elicited in response to epi-retinal
pattern electrical stimulation (Humayun et al., 1999). In order for a poten-
tial visual prosthesis to be of use to blind people, retinotopic activation of
the cortex must be ensured. Moreover, a sufficient spatio-temporal resolution
of electrical stimulation is required to provide for a satisfactory perception
of a visual scene. As part of the effort in developing the visual prosthesis,
prototype implants were tested and detailed studies were performed on the
spatio-temporal resolution achievable with electrical retina stimulations.
Methods. At the present state of research, direct testing in human vol-
unteers is ethically not acceptable. Therefore, we studied the spatio-temporal
resolution of electrical retina stimulation in the anesthetized cat. We recorded
neuronal activity in response to focal visual or electrical stimulation of the
retina from visual cortical areas 17 and 18. Visual receptive fields (vRFs)
were analyzed for retinal and cortical recording sites using a multi-focal visual
stimulation approach. Electrical stimulations were carried out with epi-retinal
fiber electrodes and prototype epi- and sub-retinal implants. In analogy to
the receptive field concept in the visual domain, we derived electrical recep-
tive fields (eRFs) as well. We compared electrical with corresponding visual
RFs in order to assess the retinotopy of electrically evoked cortical activation.
The spatial resolution of retinal stimulation was estimated from the location
and width of cortical activity distributions (electrical point spread functions,
ePSFs). Additionally, the overlap of ePSFs for adjacent retinal stimulation
sites was assessed to investigate the retinal separation that may be cortically
resolved (”minimum separabile”). Temporal resolution was assessed by the
rise times of fastest response components of local field potentials as well as
by the dependence between stimulation efficacy and mean rate of electrical
stimuli.ii
Results. Retinal vRFs based on local field potentials match the corre-
sponding retinal electrode locations very well. However, retinal vRFs based
on spike activity are shifted distally with respect to the representation of the
optic disk (N=7). Retinotopy: Cortical eRF-positions are similar to cortical
vRF-positions. In particular, the retinotopic arrangement of cortical RFs is
preserved for electrical stimulation. Location and width of ePSFs are distinct
forretinalstimulationelectrodes. Spatialresolution: Wecalculatedtheaverage
fullwidthathalfheightofePSFsforlocalfieldpotentialsto1.28mm±0.33mm
◦ ◦cortexcorrespondingto1.4 ±0.4 visualangle(N=298, fourcats). Thewidth
as well as the amount of overlap between ePSFs is smallest (i.e. spatial reso-
lution highest) for near threshold stimulation currents. Minimum separabiles
◦ ◦ ◦ ◦were 0.8 −2.0 for near threshold stimulation and 1.6 −4.3 for about ten-
fold threshold stimulation. Temporal resolution: Fastest signal components of
local field potentials had rise times of 8−12 ms, depending on the stimula-
tion current amplitude. Inter-stimulus delays of 16−24 ms, corresponding to
a 40−60 imp/s mean stimulation rate, should therefore be resolved by the
cortex. Mean inter-stimulus times of as short as 12.5 ms evoked significant
modulations of cortical activity. Thus, even a stimulation rate of 80 imp/s
might be resolved cortically. Spike latencies increasedwiththemeanelectrical
stimulation rate but hardly depended on the stimulation amplitude. This can
be explained by a model of spike initiation that takes into account the relative
refractory period of activated neurons. Prototype testing: Experiments with
epi-andsub-retinalfoilelectrodearraysprovedtobesuccessfulindemonstrat-
ing efficient and localized cortical activation. However, there is some evidence
that epi-retinal electrical stimulation with flat electrodes tends to stimulate
axons prior to somata.
Conclusion. The analyses of the width of ePSFs and of minimum sep-
arabiles lead to similar estimates for the spatial resolution. Based on these
◦conservative estimates, the best spatial resolution is in the range of 0.8 visual
angle. This would give the blind patient a visus of 1/48. Temporal resolution
of 40−60 imp/s is achievable. We therefore expect a visual prosthesis based
onelectricalstimulationoftheretinatofulfillthebasicrequirementsofretino-
topicactivationofthevisualcortexatareasonablespatio-temporalresolution.
Clinical experience with other neuro-prostheses (e.g. cochlear implant) indi-
cates that the adjustment of the stimulation parameters in posttation
training can further improve the benefits to a blind patient.iii
Zusammenfassung
Einfuhrung.¨ Makula Degeneration und Retinitis pigmentosa geh¨oren zu den
h¨aufigsten Ursachen fur¨ Blindheit. Aus diesem Grunde f¨ordert die deutsche
Bundesregierung die Entwicklung einer mikroelektronischen Sehprothese zur
Wiederherstellung eines begrenzten Sehverm¨ogens. Angestrebt wird die elek-
trische Reizung von retinalen Zellen. Dadurch sollen kortikale Neuronen ub¨ er
ihren normalen afferenten Eingangspfad aktiviert und Seheindruc¨ ke hervor-
gerufenwerden. DiesesKonzeptstutzt¨ sichaufdieBeobachtung,dasseinfache
gemusterte Seheindruc¨ ke durch gleichzeitige elektrische Reizung an mehreren
retinalen Orten ausgel¨ost werden konnen¨ (Humayun et al., 1999). Damit die
potentielle Sehprothese blinden Menschen einen Nutzen bringen kann, muss
eine retinotope Aktivierung kortikaler Neurone gew¨ahrleistet werden. Außer-
dem muss eine ausreichende raum-zeitliche Aufl¨osung von elektrischen Reizen
m¨oglich sein, damit der Patient einen befriedigenden Seheindruck hat. Im
Rahmen der Entwicklung einer epi-retinalen Sehprothese wurden Implantat-
Prototypen getestet und detailierte Studien zur raum-zeitlichen Aufl¨osung
elektrischer Reizungen der Retina durchgefuhrt¨ .
Methoden. Im augenblicklichen Stadium der Forschung sind Funktions-
prufung¨ en an freiwilligen Probanden ethisch nicht vertretbar. Darum wur-
den die Untersuchungen zur Retinotopie und raum-zeitlichen Au߬osung elek-
trischer Reizungen der Retina an narkotisierten Katzen durchgefuhrt.¨ Kor-
tikale neuronale Aktivit¨at nach visueller oder elektrischer Reizung der Retina
wurdemitMehrfachelektrodenindenArealen17und18desSehkortexabgelei-
tet. Visuelle rezeptive Felder (vRF) wurden mit Hilfe von multi-fokalen vi-
suellen Reizen fur¨ retinale und kortikale Ableitungsorte bestimmt. Elektrische
Reize wurden mit epi-retinalen Faserelektroden sowie epi- und sub-retinalen
Implantat-Prototypen appliziert. In Analogie zum visuellen rezeptiven Feld
Konzept wurden elektrische rezeptive Felder (eRF) ermittelt. Elektrische und
visuelle rezeptive Felder wurden verglichen, um die Retinotopie elektrisch evo-
zierter Kortexaktivierung einzusch¨atzen. Anhand des Ortes und der Breite
von kortikalen Aktivitatsv¨ erteilungen (ePSF) wurde die r¨aumliche Aufl¨osung
¨bestimmt. Zus¨atzlich wurde der Uberlappungsgrad von kortikalen Aktivit¨ats-
verteilungen in Beziehung zum Abstand der retinalen Reizorte gesetzt. Dies
erlaubte die Bestimmung des retinalen Abstandes, der kortikal aufgel¨ost wer-
den kann (”Minimum separabile”). Die zeitliche Aufl¨osung wurde ub¨ er dieiv
Anstiegsdauer der schnellsten Antwortkomponenten lokaler Feldpotentiale be-
stimmt. Ausserdem wurde die Abh¨angigkeit zwischen der mittleren Reizrate
und der Reizeffizienz untersucht.
Ergebnisse. RetinalevRFs,dieauflokalenFeldpotentialenbasieren,stim-
mensehrgutmitdenkorrespondierendenElektrodenpositionenaufderRetina
ub¨ erein. Dagegen sind die aus Aktionspotentialen abgeleiteten vRFs oft dis-
tal von der Repr¨asentation des Sehnervkopfes versetzt. Retinotopie: Kortikale
¨eRF-Positionen¨ahnelndenkortikalenvRF-Positionen. Uberdi

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