Environmental fate of the herbicide glyphosate in the soil plant system [Elektronische Ressource] : monitoring and modelling using large-scale weighing lysimeters / Christine Klier

Christine.Loos

Informations

• Publié par: technische_universitat_munchen
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2007
• Nombre de lectures: 15
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 2 Mo

Extrait

Institut für Bodenökologie
GSF – Forschungszentrum für Umwelt und Gesundheit
Environmental fate of the herbicide glyphosate
in the soil-plant system:
Monitoring and modelling using large-scale weighing lysimeters


Christine Klier
Vollständiger Abdruck der von der Fakultät Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan
für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt der Technischen Universität München zur
Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines

Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.)

genehmigten Dissertation.



Vorsitzender: Univ.-Prof. Dr. K.-J. Hülsbergen
Prüfer der Dissertation: 1. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Dr. J.C. Munch
2. Univ.-Prof. Dr. O. Richter,
Technische Universität Braunschweig
3. Univ.-Prof. Dr. M. Matthies,
Universität Osnabrück


Die Dissertation wurde am 5. Dezember 2006 bei der Technischen Universität
München eingereicht und durch die Fakultät Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan
für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt am 30. Juli 2007 angenommen.
Acknowledegements

In particular I thank Prof. Dr. Jean Charles Munch, Institute of Soil Ecology, GSF-National
Research Centre for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, for giving me the opportunity to
work on the research project, for the excellent research facilities, his support and moreover for
his valuable suggestions and critical comments.
Furthermore, I declaim my special thanks to Prof. Dr. Otto Richter, Institute of Geoecology,
Technical University Braunschweig, for his interest to review the work as the co-examiner
and the most valuable guidance by his book “Environmental fate modelling of pesticides”.
I also thank Prof. Dr. Michael Matthies, Institute of Environmental Systems Research,
University Osnabrück for his willingness to be co-examiner and Prof. Dr. Kurt-Jürgen
Hülsbergen, Department of Plant Sciences, Centre of Life and Food Sciences, Weihenstephan,
for accepting the position as chairman of the examination board.
Particularly, I want to express my gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Eckart Priesack, Institute of
Soil Ecology, GSF, for his constant advice and valuable guidance on all aspects of my work,
his confidence and his support.
Moreover, many friends, colleagues and external collaborators helped to promote and realize
my ideas and often introduced new aspects in my work.
I express my gratitude to Dr. Sebastian Gayler for his excellent support with Expert-N, his
constructive criticism and creative suggestions and his steady encouragement.
Furthermore, I thank Dr. Sabine Grundmann and Dr. Reiner Schroll for the access to their
extensive data set from the field lysimeter study prior to publication.
For technical and experimental support I thank Willibald Stichler (tracer and precipitation
measurements), Dr. Bernhard Ruth (capacitance water content measurements), Oliver Gefke
and Dr. Sascha Reth (lysimeter facility), Dr. Babro Winkler (LAI measurements) and Heinz
Lösslein (Meteorological Institute, University of Munich; climate data). Dr. Tobias Wagner,
Heidrun Karl and other collaborators in the project I thank for their friendship, cooperation
and help. I also thank my room mate Xiaohong Duan and Walkiria Levy for the interesting
scientific discussions but also on being good friends.
Most importantly my family deserves my deepest gratitude for providing unconditional
support whenever I needed them and finally, I thank my husband Mathias.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents

List of Figures........................................................................................................... V
List of Tables XI
Abbreviations .........................................................................................................XV
1 Introduction1
1.1 Genetically modified crops in modern agriculture ........................................................... 2
1.1.1 The glyphosate resistant soybean system................................................................... 3
1.1.2 Risk assessment research for glyphosate resistant soybean ...................................... 4
1.2 Aim and structure of the work.......................................................................................... 4
2 Degradation and sorption experiments with the herbicide glyphosate under
controlled laboratory conditions .........................................................................7
2.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................... 7
2.2 Materials and Methods.................................................................................................... 8
2.2.1 Soils ............................................................................................................................. 8
2.2.2 Chemicals .................................................................................................................... 9
2.2.3 Biodegradation experiments ...................................................................................... 10
2.2.4 Microbial biomass measurement ............................................................................... 11
2.2.5 Batch adsorption-desorption studies.......................................................................... 12
2.3 Results and Discussion................................................................................................. 13
2.3.1 Microbial biomass and biodegradation of glyphosate in batch experiments.............. 13
2.3.2 Sorption and desorption of glyphosate in batch experiments .................................... 19
2.3.3 Mass balance............................................................................................................. 22
2.4 Conclusions................................................................................................................... 23
3 Water flow and assessment of water balance on four undisturbed field soil
lysimeters ............................................................................................................25
3.1 Introduction. 25
3.2 Materials and Methods.................................................................................................. 26
3.2.1 The dataset ................................................................................................................ 26
3.2.1.1 GSF-lysimeter facility ............................................................................................. 26
3.2.1.2 Soil properties and planting.................................................................................... 28
3.2.1.3 Methods to obtain water storage changes ............................................................. 29
3.2.2 Water transport models.............................................................................................. 30
3.2.2.1 Model configuration ................................................................................................ 30
3.2.2.2 Water retention and hydraulic conductivity functions ............................................. 30
3.2.2.3 Models of potential and actual evapotranspiration ................................................. 33
ITable of Contents
3.2.2.4 Statistical analysis .................................................................................................. 36
3.3 Results and Discussion .................................................................................................37
3.3.1 Direct and indirect evaluation of evapotranspiration .................................................. 37
3.3.2 Percolation and water flow simulations ...................................................................... 39
3.3.2.1 Soil hydraulic properties ......................................................................................... 39
3.3.2.2 Detailed analysis of infiltration and drying cycles ................................................... 42
3.3.2.3 Evapotranspiration for the year 2001 45
3.3.2.3.1 Sandy and loamy soil type .................................................................................. 45
3.3.2.3.2 Transferability to other soils ................................................................................ 47
3.3.2.4 he years 1999 to 2003....................................................... 50
3.3.3 Direct evaluation of daily evapotranspiration fluxes in the year 2004 ........................ 53
3.4 Conclusions ................................................................................................................... 55
4 Environmental fate of the herbicide glyphosate in the presence of genetically
modified soybean ............................................................................................... 57
4.1 Introduction. 57
4.2 Materials and Methods ..................................................................................................61
4.2.1 The dataset ................................................................................................................ 61
4.2.1.1 Pesticide degradation and plant uptake monitoring................................................ 61
4.2.1.