Environmental radioactivity in different climate types [Elektronische Ressource] : measurement, terrestrial transport process and radiation exposure / von Ahmed Ali Husein Qwasmeh
Environmental Radioactivity in Different Climate Types: Measurement, Terrestrial Transport Process and Radiation Exposure Vom Fachbereich für Physik und Elektrotechnik der Universität Bremen Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktor der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) genehmigte Dissertation von Ahmed Ali Husein Qwasmeh Eingerich am: 22.05.2008 Tag des Promotionskolloquiums: 01.07.08 Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Justus Notholt Prof. Dr. Gerald Kirchner Prüfer: Prof. Dr. Jörn Bleck-Neuhaus Prof. Dr. Stefan BornholdtITable of Contents List of Figures VList of Tables VIIIAbstract 11 Environmental Radioactivity and its Measurements 41.1 Introduction 4 1.1.1 Natural and Man-Made Radiation 1.1.2 Radioactivity 5 1.1.2.1 Types of Radiation 6 1.1.2.2 Radiation Levels and Their Effects 7 1.2 Measurement of Radiation 8 1.2.1 Gamma Detection 8 1.2.1.1 Types of Gamma Detectors 10 1.2.1.2 General Characteristics of Gamma Detectors 1.2.1.2.1 Detector Efficiency 11 1.2.1.2.2 Detector Resolution 12 1.2.1.3 Semiconductor Detectors 13 1.2.2 Beta Measurement 17 1.2.2.1 Gas-Filled Detectors 1.2.2.2 Proportional Counters 18 1.2.3 Sample Geometry 23 1.2.