Europos Sąjungos transporto politika: ekonominis pagrįstumas ir poveikis Lietuvai ; Common European Land Transport Policy: Economic Consistency and Impact on Lithuania
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Guoda Steponavi čien ė COMMON EUROPEAN LAND TRANSPORT POLICY: ECONOMIC CONSISTENCY AND IMPACT ON LITHUANIA Summary of Doctoral Dissertation Social Sciences, Economics (04S) 1112 Vilnius „Technika“ 2005 VILNIUS GEDIMINAS TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY Guoda Steponavi čien ė COMMON EUROPEAN LAND TRANSPORT POLICY: ECONOMIC CONSISTENCY AND IMPACT ON LITHUANIA Summary of Doctoral Dissertation Social Sciences, Economics (04S) Vilnius „Technika“ 2005 2The dissertation is being defended as an external work Scientific Supervisor Prof Dr Habil Romualdas Ginevi čius (Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Social Sciences, Economics – 04S) The dissertation is defended at the Council of Scientific Field of Economics at Vilnius Gediminas Technical University: Chairman Prof Dr Habil Aleksandras Vytautas Rutkauskas (Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Social Sciences, Economics – 04S) Members: Prof Dr Habil Algis Šileika (Institute of Labour and Social Research, Social Sciences, Economics – 04S) Prof Dr Habil Vidmantas Jankauskas (Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Social Sciences, Economics – 04S) Assoc Prof Dr Marija Burinskien ė (Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Technological Sciences, Civil Engineering – 02T) Dr Klaudijus Maniokas (Vilnius University, Social Sciences, Political Sciences – 02S) Opponents: Prof Dr Habil Jonas
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| Publié par | vilnius_gediminas_technical_university |
| Publié le | 01 janvier 2005 |
| Nombre de lectures | 43 |
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Guoda Steponavičienė COMMON EUROPEAN LAND TRANSPORT POLICY: ECONOMIC CONSISTENCY AND IMPACT ON LITHUANIA Summary of Doctoral Dissertation Social Sciences, Economics (04S)
Vilnius Technika 2005
1112
VILNIUS GEDIMINAS TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY Guoda Steponavičienė COMMON EUROPEAN LAND TRANSPORT POLICY: ECONOMIC CONSISTENCY AND IMPACT ON LITHUANIA Summary of Doctoral Dissertation Social Sciences, Economics (04S) Vilnius Technika 2005
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The dissertation is being defended as an external work Scientific Supervisor Prof Dr Habil Romualdas Ginevičius (Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Social Sciences, Economics 04S) The dissertation is defended at the Council of Scientific Field of Economics at Vilnius Gediminas Technical University: Chairman Prof Dr Habil Aleksandras Vytautas Rutkauskas (Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Social Sciences, Economics 04S) Members: Prof Dr Habil Algis ileika (Institute of Labour and Social Research, Social Sciences, Economics 04S) Prof Dr Habil Vidmantas Jankauskas (Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Social Sciences, Economics 04S) Assoc Prof Dr Marija Burinskienė Gediminas Technical (Vilnius University, Technological Sciences, Civil Engineering 02T) Dr Klaudijus Maniokas (Vilnius University, Social Sciences, Political Sciences 02S) Opponents: Prof Dr Habil JonasČepinskis (Vytautas Magnus University, Social Sciences, Economics 04S) Prof Dr Habil Ramūnas Palaitis (Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Technological Sciences, Transport Engineering 03T) The dissertation will be defended at the public meeting of the Council of Scientific Field of Economics in the Senate Hall of Vilnius Gediminas Technical University at 14 p.m. on May 27, 2005. Address: Saulėtekio al. 11, 10223 Vilnius 40, Lithuania Tel.: +370 5 274 49 52, +370 5 274 49 56, fax +370 5 270 01 12, e-maildoktor@adm.vtu.lt The summary of the doctoral dissertation was distributed on April 27, 2005. A copy of the doctoral dissertation is available for review at the Library of Vilnius Gediminas Technical University (Saulėtekio al. 14, Vilnius). Guoda Steponavičienė, 2005
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VILNIAUS GEDIMINO TECHNIKOS UNIVERSITETAS Guoda Steponavičienė EUROPOS SĄJUNGOS SAUSUMOS TRANSPORTO POLITIKA: EKONOMINIS PAGRĮSTUMAS IR POVEIKIS LIETUVAI Daktaro disertacijos santrauka Socialiniai mokslai, ekonomika (04S) Vilnius Technika 2005
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Disertacija ginama eksternu Mokslinis konsultantas prof. habil. dr. Romualdas Ginevičius (Vilniaus Gedimino technikos universitetas, socialiniai mokslai, ekonomika 04S). Disertacija ginama Vilniaus Gedimino technikos universiteto Ekonomikos mokslo krypties taryboje: Pirmininkas prof. habil. dr. Aleksandras Vytautas Rutkauskas (Vilniaus Gedimino technikos universitetas, socialiniai mokslai, ekonomika 04S). Nariai: prof. habil. dr. Algis ileika (Darbo ir socialinių tyrimų institutas, socialiniai mokslai, ekonomika 04S), prof. habil. dr. Vidmantas Jankauskas (Vilniaus Gedimino technikos universitetas, socialiniai mokslai, ekonomika 04S), doc. dr. Marija Burinskienė Gedimino technikos universitetas, (Vilniaus technologijos mokslai, statybos ininerija 02T), dr. Klaudijus Maniokas (Vilniaus universitetas, socialiniai mokslai, politikos mokslai 02S). Oponentai: prof. habil. dr. JonasČepinskis (Vytauto Didiojo universitetas, socialiniai mokslai, ekonomika 04S), prof. habil. dr. Ramūnas Palaitis (Vilniaus Gedimino technikos universitetas, technologijos mokslai, transporto ininerija 03T). Disertacija bus ginama vieame Ekonomikos mokslo krypties tarybos posėdyje 2005 m. geguės 27 d. 14 val. Vilniaus Gedimino Technikos Universiteto senato posėdiųsalėje. Adresas: Saulėtekio al. 11, 10223 Vilnius 40, Lietuva. Tel.: +370 5 274 49 52, +370 5 274 49 56, fax 370 5 270 01 12, + el. p.doktor@adm.vtu.lt Disertacijos santrauka isiuntinėta 2005 m. balandio 27 d. Disertaciją galima periūrėti Vilniaus Gedimino technikos universiteto bibliotekoje (Saulėtekio al. 14, Vilnius). VGTU leidyklos Technika 1112 mokslo literatūros knyga Guoda Steponavičienė, 2005
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The relevance of the dissertation To study transport development is relevant as there is a collision between growing transport demand and both physically and economically limited possibilities to meet this demand. In the level of individual it arises as collision between a need to travel and limited personal time and money budget. In the level of state it is a conflict between the goal of economic growth and wish to preserve social and natural environment. This contradiction between goals expresses itself as a need to choose one or the other in specific case, and totality of such decisions makes transport policy of the country. Transport is distinguished by especially strong external ties, as strongly integrated sub-system of economic setup. The evidence of that is the fact, that the major targets of Common Transport Policy are incorporated into Lisbon Agenda. Therefore the decisions of transport policy influence potential economic actions of people as well as general economic policy decisions. The complexity of transport studies is caused by three major groups of reasons: (1) nature of transport activity as such (twofold impact for people, globality), (2) Ambitious and some times contradicting goals of the Common Transport Policy in Europe and its complicated implementation, (3) Changing transport system of Lithuania (due to transition from central planning to market economy and European integration). The aim of the dissertation The aim of this undertaking is to investigate a crucial factor, determining decisions on development of Lithuanian transport system - Common European transport policy (CTP) in the field of road and railway and to provide comprehensive answers to the following questions: • Are the EU solutions in transport development field economically consistent and feasible, • What are the means, suitable for its implementation, • What effects it will cause for Lithuanias transport system as well as the whole economic and social life. This particular aim is selected for the analysis due to its significance for the future development of Lithuanias transport system. In order to be able to take proper decisions on Lithuanian transport issues, as the first, EU respective policies must be well comprehended, including its causes, argumentation, means of implementation, most probable trends for future development. Secondly, the effects of these policies towards Lithuanias
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transport system and socio-economic framework in general must be assessed. The object of the dissertation The object of the study is a European road and railway transport policy: its goals and means to attain them. As major goals of the CTP are included into Lisbon Agenda the focus of its analysis has shifted from sectorial and technology dominated to general economic outlook with emphasis to efficiency and social as well as environmental sustainability. The latter approach is taken in the dissertation. There are three vectors of analysis chosen: feasibility of CTP provisions in terms of (1) transport systems, (2) economic consequences and (3) social consequences. Due to the high level of external integrity of transport sector, the analysis of factors and consequences is not limited to transport sector only. While being most widely and deeply integrated, a pivot of economic and social concern is chosen. Environmental issues are dealt with only as a part of transport externalities. Main substantiated hypothesis: ¾ Commercialization and integration of transport services on the EU level is the major precondition for their successful development and increase of EU economy competitiveness; ¾ of the CTP, which is to reduce transportThe major goal externalities while not hampering economic growth (or as stated in the Lisbon Agenda: to decouple economic growth from increased use of resources), is self-contradictory, thus not viable; ¾ Among the means provided for the implementation of the goal above, namely (1) to reduce transport demand, (2) to change the modal split, (3) to implement technology innovations only the third mean is feasible. The task to change modal split can be implemented only partially. ¾ Certain provisions of the CTP are not beneficial for Lithuanias transport sector and people due mainly to the differences in the level of economic development and social framework. The novelty of the dissertation The study is new due to several objective and subjective reasons. First of all, European Common Transport policy is in the process of development
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and Lithuania is in the process of its adaptation. Secondly, the course of transport decisions in Europe and the world is mainly analyzed in the following terms: descriptive or normative, focusing on narrow fields and separate problems, contrasting economic and social-environmental aspects, solutions for transport systems are provided without reference to their implementation, proposed policy measures are without reference to their effects on transport systems. Doctoral dissertation Common European Land Transport Policy: its economic consistency and impact on Lithuania is different in several respects. Firstly, the EU decisions on transport development are investigated not as a given, but questioning and verifying the statements with respect to results of investigations provided by various scholars as well as economic theory of social choice. Secondly, the paper is inter-disciplinary, whereby the above mentioned gaps of analysis are deliberately covered, namely: ¾ Between different elements of transport system ¾ Between transport and its economic-social environment ¾ Between theoretical solutions of modelling and possibilities of its implementation ¾ Between local and global interests ¾ Between a present situation and future trends Thirdly, the investigation is not limited to theacquis. The research in related fields as well as interviews with practitioners of policy formation, implementation and industry are included as well. Prevailing approach efficiency versus social acceptability is substituted with integrated approach what corresponds to the principle of sustainable development. The methods of the analysis ¾ While the object is multiple and instantly changing, the major part of the analysis is qualitative and the major tool of investigation is logics and analysis. ¾ However, two issues, namely evaluation of different means to decrease transport externalities and evaluation of the CTP influence on Lithuanias transport system as well as its socio-economic environment, are investigated in the level of practical quantitative solution, using hierarchic method of analysisSaati. ¾ For verification of sub-hypothesis results of modelling and statistical analysis of other scholars is used.
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The sources used in the dissertation Research on transport development in Europe and the World, documents of CTP, scientific articles and books on CTP, articles on certain issues in transport field in member states, interview with experts of CTP and industry representatives, Lithuanian legislation and strategic documents on transport, assessment studies of Lithuanian integration to EU. Scheme 1. A logical framework of the dissertation
Practical multifactor analysis of the means to reduce transport externalities
FOR TRANSPORT SYSTEM
ANALYSIS OF THE EUROPEAN TRANSPORT POLICY (Its goals and means, restructuring of railway, infrastructure charges, transport externalities and methods to measure them)
THE MEANS TO REDUCE TRANSPORT EXTERNALITIES (Measures of transport policy and preconditions for their implementation, new technologies, public campaigns, natural trends of transport development, limitations of the trans ort olic
IMPACT ON LITHUANIA ROAD TRANSPORT LICENSING FUEL EXCISES ROAD TOLLS RESTRUCTURING OF RAILWAYS Practical multifactor analysis of the CTP impact on Lithuania
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FOR SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
The structure and generalised findings of the dissertation The study is composed of introduction, three parts of discourse, conclusions, recommendations, list of literature and appendixes. Relevance, aim, object, novelty and methodology of the dissertation as well as the major hypotheses are presented inthe introduction. The second chapter isa brief overview of the existing studies on the subject. References to the papers and opinions of the other authors are being made during the whole study therefore the overview of literature presented separately is of broad-brush. The third chapterpresents European transport problems and the policies, shaped to deal with them. In the first chapter, the European Common Transport policy is analysed: its origins, goals and ways of implementation. The major goals for the CTP up to the year 2010 are the following: to decrease negative externalities of transport for natural and social environment, to decrease transport demand, to change prevailing modal split, to reorganise railway sector in order to create conditions for competition, to internalise external costs of transport, to improve quality of transport networks, to secure implementation of transport policy measures. These goals represent both the major shortcomings of the European transport system and the trends of its improvement. All of them are analysed further in the study. The most difficult issues, such as restructuring in railway sector, financing of railway infrastructure, transport externalities and methods to measure them as well as two competing trends of transport development globalisation and localisation are dealt in - -depth here. The arguments used are both theoretical and empirical. As evidences, examples from different countries are provided. Generalised findings of this chapter are the following: 1. The users need more flexible and higher quality transport services on lower prices. Railway companies can provide it only having economic freedom, which secures possibility to take an efficient decision, and competition, which secures interests of the users. 2. Due to the specific features of the railway sector namely, vertically integrated monopoly - competition may be created only among the operators. To achieve it, separation of the management of infrastructure and operation services as well as non-discrimination of different operators is needed. Due to monopoly status competition pressure for the Manager of the infrastructure is not functioning, therefore the
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administrative measures are essential for the efficiency. The level of equal treatment of the operators while allocating the infrastructure is directly proportional to the independence of the Manager of the infrastructure as well as transparency of infrastructure pricing. 3. Railway infrastructure pricing is burdened with two contradicting goals set for the railway sector: to improve financial status of the railway companies and to increase the railways share in modal split. These contradicting goals make infrastructure pricing non-transparent, what hinders whole process of railway restructuring and its development. According to CTP, railway infrastructure pricing shall be based on marginal costs. Nevertheless, depending on the allocated priority of the goals named, different countries use rather different methods of pricing. This is not along to the Community principle to treat all operators equally and to harmonise working conditions in all member states. Another core question for infrastructure pricing is a concept of transport externalities and its measurement. 4. It is generally agreed that transport activities have negative externalities. Regarding positive externalities, the opinions differ. Here positive externalities are treated as absorbed in prices of other goods and services (thus, are not dealt with separately in the dissertation). A part of negative externalities are encompassed by the prices of other goods and services as well (e.g., real estate). Though it is impossible to calculate in which ones namely and in which proportions. Internalisation of transport externalities is hindered by market restrictions and information asymmetry, which are caused by public ownership, public services that are dominating in particular sectors as well as natural human limitations. 5. a number of different transport externalities, theInfrastructure is one of cost of which in the case of railway transport is substantial. Nevertheless, CTP provides an inconsistent view towards this issue: on the one hand it declares equal attitude towards all means of transport, o the other recommends to use the revenue from the road transport for investments in railways. This inconsistency is in large extend caused by the problems of measuring the externalities. 6. The analysis of a number of different methods of measurement of transport externalities show their big limitations, therefore it can be stated that it is impossible to evaluate precisely enough how much one or another transport externality costs to society. The values allocated to transport externalities strongly depend on the characteristics of the
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