Evaluation of the black bear supplemental feeding program in western Washington, USA [Elektronische Ressource] / Georg Josef Ziegltrum

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Informations

• Publié par: technische_universitat_munchen
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2009
• Nombre de lectures: 20
• Langue: Deutsch
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 2 Mo

Extrait

TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT MÜNCHEN
Fachgebiet für Wildbiologie und Wildtiermanagement



Evaluation of the Black Bear Supplemental Feeding Program
in Western Washington, USA

Georg Josef Ziegltrum

Vollständiger Abdruck der von der Fakultät Wissenschaftszentrum
Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt der Technischen
Universität München zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines
Doktors der Forstwissenschaften
genehmigten Dissertation.



Vorsitzender: Univ.-Prof. Dr. R. Schopf

Prüfer der Dissertation: 1. Univ.-Prof. Dr. W. Schröder (i.R.)
2. Univ.-Prof. Dr. M. Moog



Die Dissertation wurde am 06.02.2009 bei der Technischen Universität
München eingereicht und durch die Fakultät Wissenschaftszentrum
Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt am 08.05.2009
angenommen.CONTENTS ii
Contents

List of figures................................................................................................................iv
List of tables...................................................................................................................v
Acknowledgements.......................................................................................................vi
Summary.................................................................................................................... viii
Zusammenfassung.........................................................................................................xi
1 Introduction...............................................................................................................1
1.1 Statement of problem.........................................................................................1
1.2 Overall objective................................................................................................4
2 The North American Black Bear...............................................................................6
2.1 Systematic..........................................................................................................6
2.2 Life history.........................................................................................................9
3 History of the WFPA and the ADCP ......................................................................10
3.1 The Washington Forest Protection Association (WFPA)................................10
3.2 The Animal Damage Control Program (ADCP)..............................................14
3.3 Sources.............................................................................................................26
4 Efficacy of black bear supplemental feeding to reduce conifer damage in
western Washington.................................................................................................27
4.1 Introduction......................................................................................................28
4.2 Study area.........................................................................................................31
4.3 Methods............................................................................................................32
4.3.1 Pretreatment survey..................................................................................32
4.3.2 Post-treatment survey...............................................................................34
4.3.3 Data analyses............................................................................................36
4.4 Results..............................................................................................................36
4.5 Discussion........................................................................................................37
4.6 Management implications................................................................................40
4.7 Acknowledgments40
4.8 Literature cited.................................................................................................42 CONTENTS iii
5 Cost-effectiveness of the black bear supplemental feeding program in western
Washington ..............................................................................................................44
Introduction45
5.2 Methods............................................................................................................48
5.2.1 Control stand............................................................................................48
5.2.2 Damage definition....................................................................................49
5.2.3 Value calculations50
5.2.4 Future value (FV) supplemental feeding costs.........................................51
5.3 Results..............................................................................................................52
5.4 Discussion........................................................................................................53
5.5 Management implications................................................................................55
5.6 Acknowledgments............................................................................................55
5.7 Literature cited.................................................................................................57
6 Impacts of the black bear supplemental feeding program on the ecology in
western Washington................................................................................................60
6.1 Origins of the bear-feeding program................................................................60
6.1.1 Problem of tree girdling ...........................................................................60
6.1.2 Beginning of supplemental bear feeding..................................................62
6.2 Concern about the bear-feeding program success ...........................................65
6.3 Impact of the feeding program on bears ..........................................................67
6.3.1 Impact on bear behavior67
6.3.2 Impact on bear nutrition69
6.4 Conclusion.......................................................................................................70
6.5 Acknowledgments............................................................................................71
6.6 Literature cited.................................................................................................73
7 Epilogue...................................................................................................................76
7.1 Forest/wildlife challenges................................................................................79
7.2 Options to avoid black bear damage................................................................81
7.2.1 Black bear population control ..................................................................81
7.2.2 Black bear supplemental feeding .............................................................82
7.2.3 Silvicultural methods to minimize black bear damage ............................84
7.3 Literature cited.................................................................................................87 LIST OF FIGURES iv
List of figures
Fig. 1.1: Fresh Black Bear Damage on 22 year old Douglas-fir.............................1
Fig. 1.2: Black bear incisor tooth marks on Douglas-fir phloem............................1
Fig. 1.3: Black bear damage areas in western Washington.....................................3
Fig. 2.2.1: Distribution of black bear in North America ............................................8
Fig. 3.1: Washington State map: Economically significant black bear damage ..11
Fig. 3.2: Crew of Washington Forest Fire Association 1920s ..............................14
Fig. 3.3: Truck of Washington Forest Fire Association, World War II ................14
Fig. 3.2.1: Two year old black bear damage in a 20-year old Douglas-fir stand,
Capitol Forest..........................................................................................15
Fig. 3.2.2: First attempts of black bear damage control: Still hunting from a
vantage point by WFPA hired trapper Ralph Flowers in 1979..............16
Fig. 3.2.3: Hunting a specific bear with hounds in western Washington.................19
Fig. 3.2.4: Black bear on feeding station in Snoqualmie .........................................23
Fig. 4.1: Location of bear feeding stations and control sites in Joyce and
Kalaloch ..................................................................................................32
Fig. 5.1: Bear at supplemental feeding station. .....................................................52
Fig 5.2: Georg J. Ziegltrum..................................................................................59
Fig. 6.1: Girdled Douglas-fir.................................................................................61
Fig. 6.2: Black bear spring feeding station............................................................65
Fig. 7.1: Black bear sport harvest in comparison to damage control harvest........82
Fig. 7.2: Comparison of damaged trees after 4 years...........................................