Functional relevance of HPA-1 and {α2 [alpha2] 807C-T platelet receptor polymorphisms under standardized in-vitro blood flow conditions [Elektronische Ressource] / vorgelegt von Robert Loncar

Robert Loncar

Description

Aus dem Institut für Hämostaseologie und Transfusionsmedizin der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Direktor: Prof. Dr. R.E. Scharf Functional Relevance of HPA-1 and α2 807C/T Platelet Receptor Polymorphisms Under Standardized In-Vitro Blood Flow Conditions Habilitationsschrift der Hohen Medizinischen Fakultät der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf zur Erlangung der Venia legendi für das Fach Transfusionsmedizin vorgelegt von Dr.rer.nat.(HR) Robert Loncar Düsseldorf, 2006 2 Content 1. Introduction 5 1.1. Pathogenesis of arterial thrombosis 6 1.1.1. Central role of platelets in arterial thrombosis 6 1.1.2. Specific platelet receptor interplay during thrombus formation 7 1.2 Integrin αIIb β3 (GPIIb/IIIa) 10 1.2.1 Structure and physiological role 11 1.3. Integrin α2 β1 (GPIa/IIa) 14 1.3.1. 14 1.4. Platelet receptor polymorphism 16 1.4.1. 18 HPA-1 polymorphism of αIIb β3 1.4.2. α2 807C/T polymorphism of α2 β1 19 1.5. Platelet receptor polymorphisms and their role in arterial thrombosis, clinical and epidemiological evidence 20 1.6. Shear force and shear stress in arterial thrombosis 23 1.6.1. Basic rheological blood features 23 1.6.2 Biological effects of shear stress 28 1.6.3. Experimental model of the vascular system 31 2. Goal of the study 33 3. Subjects and methods 35 3.1. Subjects 35 3.2. Blood collection and preparation 35 3.3. Determination of HPA-1 and α2 807 CT genotypes 35 3.

Sujets

• Gesundheit

Informations

• Publié par: heinrich-heine-universitat_dusseldorf
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2007
• Nombre de lectures: 22
• Langue: English

Extrait

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   

Aus dem Institut für Hämostaseologie und Transfusionsmedizin der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Direktor: Prof. Dr. R.E. Scharf

  Functional Relevance of HPA-1 andα 2 807C/T Platelet Receptor Polymorphisms Under Standardized In-Vitro Blood Flow Conditions

   Habilitationsschrift der Hohen Medizinischen Fakultät der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf zur Erlangung der Venia legendi für das Fach Transfusionsmedizin 

   vorgelegt von Dr.rer.nat.(HR) Robert Loncar Düsseldorf, 2006

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IntegrinαIIbβ3 (GPIIb/IIIa)

1.2.1

Specific platelet receptor interplay during thrombus formation

1.1.2.

Central role of platelets in arterial thrombosis

1.1.1.

1.2

Structure and physiological role

1.3.1.

1.3.

Integrinα2β1 (GPIa/IIa)

Structure and physiological role

HPA-1 polymorphism ofαIIbβ3

α2 807C/T polymorphism ofα2β1 Platelet receptor polymorphisms and their role in arterial thrombosis, clinical and epidemiological evidence Shear force and shear stress in arterial thrombosis

Platelet receptor polymorphism

1.4.

 

3.6.

2

37

35

36 36

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Preparation of fibrinogen-coated coverslips

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35

35

35

Determination of HPA-1 andα2 807 CT genotypes Assesment of screening parameters of hemostasis and factors of coagulation Platelet Functional Analyzer (PFA-100)

3.5.

3.3. 3.4

33

Blood collection and preparation

3.

3.2.

3.1.

Subjects

Subjects and methods

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

2.

Goal of the study

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

1.6.3.

Experimental model of the vascular system

1.6.2

Biological effects of shear stress

1.6.1.

Basic rheological blood features

ntroduction

Content  1. I

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18

14

14

10

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Pathogenesis of arterial thrombosis

19

31

1.1.

23

28

1.6.

20 23

1.4.2. 1.5.

1.4.1.

3.7. 3.8.

3.9.

3.10. 3.11.

3.12.

3.13.

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4.

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5.

5.1.

5.1.1.

5.2.

5.2.1

5.2.2. 5.3.

5.4.

5.5. 5.6.

5.7.

5.8.

5.9.

5.10.

 

Preparation collagen-coated coverslips Flow chamber, perfusion, laser-scan microscopy and data acquisition Specificity of platelet adhesion onto immobilized ligand(s)

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38 41

Estimation of activated platelets, experiments with PGE1 42 Interaction between platelet adhesion and factors of coagulation 43 Estimation of platelet adhesion onto immobilized fibrinogen and collagen with regard to the shear rate 43 Interaction between HPA-1 polymorphism of theβ subunit of αIIbβ3 and the 807C/T polymorphism of theα subunit of integrinα2β  43 1: abciximab experiments 

Statistics

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Results

Baseline characteristics of the study participants

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Frequency distribution of the HPA-1 polymorphism of theβ subunit of integrinαIIbβ3 and of the 807C/T polymorphism of theα rinsubunit of inteα  46 2b 1 Perfusion experiments 48

Relationship between platelet adhesion and shear rate

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Initial and late platelet adhesion 51 Specificity of binding of platelets to immobilized fibrinogen and collagen 52 Resting versus activated platelets 54

Flow experiments and HPA-1 polymorphism of integrinαIIbβ3 55 Flow experiments andα2 807C/T polymorphism of integrin α2β1 58 Influence of integrinαIIbβ3 onto platelet collagen adhesion and consecutive thrombus growth 60 Influence of combined HPA-1 polymorphism of integrinαIIbβ3 andα2 807C/T polymorphism of integrinα2β1 on platelet adhesion 62 HPA-1 andα  63 2 807C/T polymorphisms in primary hemostasis

Influence of age and gender on platelet adhesion

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63

References

8.

Schlussfolgerungen und Zusammenfassung

7.

Conclusions and summary

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6.1.

6.4.

6.3.

6.2.

Adhesive properties of platelet fibrinogen (αIIbβ3) and collagen receptors (α2β1) in relation to local shear stress  66 Specific interactions between platelet receptors and related ligands 67 Platelet receptor interplay is dependent on ligand, shear stress, and time 67 HPA-1 polymorphism of integrinαIIbβ3 andα2 807C/T polymorphism of integrinα2β1 modulated platelet adhesio onto immobilized fibrinogen and collagen

6.

Discussion

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5.11.

n 70 

Influence of factors of plasmic hemostasis on platelet adhesion 

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64 

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1. Introduction

 The scope of the problem of arterial thrombosis is staggering: at least 5 million adults in the United States alone suffer from its related symptoms. About 50% of the annual non-accidental deaths in the United States are caused by thrombi predominantly composed of platelets in coronary or cerebral arteries. Platelets adhere to subendothelial structures or deposed fibrinogen, become activated, in turn, aggregate causing a thrombus. Therefore, any genetic variation that might alter the expression or function of platelet receptors may lead to increased (or decreased) thrombus formation in pathological conditions. All these reactions are determined through specific platelet receptors and their interplay under (micro) environmental conditions. To improve the prevention and therapy of arterial thrombotic disorders, it is imperative to elucidate the basic mechanisms of platelet thrombus formation in the arterial blood flow. In vitro systems, capable of modelling flow-mediated platelet adhesion and aggregation, have been developed to investigate the mechanisms by which platelet receptor polymorphisms as well as mechanical forces in related microenvironmental conditions affect a platelet thrombus formation.           

 

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1.1. Pathogenesis of arterial thrombosis  Ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disorders are leading  causes of morbidity and mortality, independent of gender, in  the Western world and are steadily increasing in the Third world (1,2). Epidemiological  studies indicate that these diseases result from complex interactions  between genetic susceptibility factors, chronic environmental  influences (e.g. hormonal imbalance, smoking, obesity)  and established, intercurrent disorders (e.g. diabetes, hypertension,  dyslipidemia, or hyperhomocysteinemia). The most devastating  complication of these disorders are acute myocardial infarction or stroke  resulting from the formation of an occlusive thrombus at the  site of a ruptured atherosclerotic plaque (1,2,3 ).  1.1.1.Central role of platelets in arterial thrombosis Aped-teletalpntdeen  process is the underlying mechanism of arterial thrombosis, and the critical role  of platelets in this process is now widely accepted (1-5). Participation of platelets in arterial thrombosis is centered on the platelet's adhesive properties and the ability to respond to stimuli with rapid activation and, in turn, aggregation (4-6) - the same features that support the arrest of bleeding from wounds (Fig. 1). The normal function of platelets is, however, to arrest bleeding from wounds, which requires adhesion to altered vascular surfaces and rapid cellular activation ensuring the accumulation of circulating platelets and the formation of fibrin in the growing thrombus (1,7-9). The main trigger for the hemostatic thrombus formation after traumatic vascular injury is the loss of the endothelial cell barrier between the extracellular matrix and flowing blood (4,8). Disruption of the endothelial lining by atherosclerotic plaque rupture or by external injury initiates a complex response (4,10). Circulating platelets operate simultaneously as injury sensors in the first line of defence to prevent blood loss and as triggers for the subsequent chain of events that involve other coagulation factors and a variety of cell types such as erythrocytes, monocytes, and endothelial cells terminating in platelet thrombus formation (4,10,11). Pathologic hemodynamic conditions, fibrinogen deposition onto atherosclerotic plaque, disruption of the endothelial lining by plaque rupture or by external injury all lead to exposure of  collagens, immobilization of von Willebrand factor (vWF), and adhesion of circulating  platelets to the damaged vessel wall (4,11,12). While platelets can adhere to the

 

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damaged endothelial cells, their principle adhesion surface is the extracellular matrix (ECM), which becomes exposed in injured vessels and offers a panoply of ligands for platelet adhesion receptors. In this context, platelet integrin adhesion receptors play a critical role in platelet function as well as in arterial thrombogenesis (3,4,10-13) . A progress in understanding the mechanisms of platelet adhesion, activation and aggregation under different rheological conditions may improve the ability to prevent thrombosis and, possibly, the manifestation and progression of atherothrombotic complication.

Resting platelet

Activated platelet



 Figure 1. scanning microphotography of resting (top Electron  and bottom left) and activated platelets (top and bottom right)  using different magnifications.   1.1.2. Specific platelet receptor interplay during thrombus formation Once the arterial vessel wall has been injured under high shear stress and arterial subendothelial structures have been exposed, platelets adhere onto the subendothelial extracellular matrix (4). This first adhesion (under high shear stress) is mediated by the contact between immobilized subendothelial von Willebrand factor and the platelet glycoprotein (GP) Ib/IX/V receptor complex (4, 8,14,15). This reaction

 

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is initially reversible and allows platelets to tether and roll over the thrombogenic surface. Stimuli originating from the initial adhesion at the site of vascular injury act, within seconds, through the signaling networks to enhance the adhesive and procoagulant properties of the platelets tethered to the lesion or circulating in close proximity (4,8,14-18). In the next step, the contact between platelets and subendothelium is tightened, stationary and stable adhesion with subsequent platelet activation initiates platelets covering the thrombogenic surface. This firm adhesion can be mediated by the

binding of subendothelial collagen to the platelet integrinα2β1 (also known as

platelet receptor GPIa/IIa)or GPVI (19-21). Interestingly, both receptors are crucial

for platelet adhesion and activation. Congenital deficiency of integrinα2β1 causes a

mild bleeding tendency, a failure of platelets to change shape and aggregate when stimulated with collagen types I and III and decreased adhesion to the subendothelium. It seems that GPVI alone is not able to impart effective platelet adhesion to collagen. Reduced platelet expression of GPVI also causes a mild bleeding tendency and a decrease in the adhesion to collagen (20,21). Recent data

indicate that integrinα2β1 (GPIa/IIa) is responsible for the adhesion and GPVI for the

activation of the adhered platelets (22,23). Moreover, integrinα2β1 shows a higher-

affinity state for collagen after platelet activation, indicating a functional involvement beyond that of supporting initial contacts (23). Results indicate that platelet adhesion onto collagen involves both receptors, which also contribute to generating intracellular signals that mediate platelet activation (21). At this crucial stage of platelet activation, the platelets change shape. Typical phenotypic manifestations of activated platelets include an actin polymerization with cytoskeletal reorganization, secretion from storage granules and aggregation dependent on the modulation of

soluble ligand binding to integrinαIIbβ3 (GPIIb/IIIa) (4,24-27). Secretion itself leads to

the release of granular components into the cytoplasm (e.g. calcium ions) and the extracellular space (e.g. vWF, growth factors, coagulation factors, and nucleotides), as well as the relocation of membrane proteins to the cell surface (e.g. P-selectin,

active form of integrinαIIbβ3); all these events enhance activation and aggregation

(4,25,27). The ultimate step in thrombus formation is platelet aggregation and the formation of a platelet-rich plug mediated by the binding of divalent or multivalent ligands, fibrinogen or von Willebrand factor, to the activated platelet integrinαIIbβ3 (4,11,16-18).

 

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Thrombin generated at the blood-plaque interface converts fibrinogen  to fibrin, which stabilizes thrombus growth (11,25,28-31).  

   Figure 2. receptors interplay Schematic p ion platelet resentat of  g bus form durin throm ation.    As presented above, four receptors (Fig. 2) play a pivotal role in the initiation of the platelet adhesion and consecutive aggregation onto the respected ligand: the

glycoprotein (GP) Ib-IX-V complex (GPIb complex), integrinα2β1 (GPIa/IIa), GPVI

and integrinαIIbβ3 (GPIIb/IIIa). Therefore, any genetic variation that might alter

expression or function of these receptors may lead to the excessive bleeding or thrombus formation under pathological conditions. There are two critical points in thrombus formation: 1) adhesion of inactivated (resting) platelets to subendothelial components such as collagen, deposed vWF or fibrinogen and 2) spreading of activated platelets with consecutive aggregation and

thrombus formation. Both processes involve the platelet integrin receptorsα2β1 and

αIIbβ3 and both of them show certain polymorphism. Clinical studies conducted within the last ten years indicate that there could be a  genetically determined

 

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predisposition for hyperaggregability  which might be mediated by polymorphic 

receptors including integrinsα2β1 andαIIbβ3 involved in platelet adhesion and

aggregation (32-40). 

1.2. IntegrinαIIbβ3 (GPIIb/IIIa)  Platelet integrin αIIbβ3, also known as the platelet fibrinogen receptor or GP IIb-IIIa,  is a major integral platelet plasma membrane protein and belongs to the integrin superfamily of adhesion receptors (41). Integrin αIIbβ3  compound ofis complex α IIb subunit with a molecular mass of 136 kD and β3 subunit with a molecular mass of 92 kD. α IIb subunit is composed of one heavy (114 kD) and one light chain (23 kD), linked by a single disulphide bond. Each subunit of the Integrin αIIbβ3 complex is produced by separate genes, located on the q21-22 region in the long arm of the human chromosome 17 (41,42). Both components make a 1:1 stoichiometric Ca 2+ -dependent noncovalently- associated complex form and are present in the platelet membrane. As major plasma

membrane protein, the integrinαIIbβ3 complex represents 3% of total platelet protein

and 17% of the platelet membrane protein mass (42).

Approximately 80 percent of the 80,000-100,000 copies of integrinαIIbβ3 are

randomly distributed and exposed on the platelet's surface and have an important role in platelet adhesion and aggregation through the binding of a variety of ligands under different conditions of shear stress (42-44).

The remaining 20% of the integrinαIIbβ3 pool is located on the surfaceconnected

canalicular system (invaginations of the plasma membrane) and in the inner

membrane of the cytoplasmicα-granules. This crypticαIIbβ3 pool becomes surface-

expressed and function-capable upon platelet activation, change of shape, and

dislocation as well as fusion of theα-granule membrane with the platelet surface (42-

46). Through the described translocation of crypticαIIbβ3, the number of functional

receptor copies can be rapidly and significantly increased under action of different stimuli (42,46).    

 

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    

Figure 3. Schematic presentation of the platelet GPIIb/IIIa rece tor inte rinαIIb 3 .

 1.2.1. Structure and physiological role



A schematic model of integrinαIIbβ showed3 based on electron micro-photography

that themembrane presented receptor has an extracellular, a transmembranous and a cytoplasmatic domain. The extracellular domain is the site to which fibrinogen and other adhesive ligands react (ligand binding domain) and it is formed by both

subunits (41,43). Point mutation within either theαIIb (GPIIb) orβ subunit3 (GPIIIa) can destroy the capacity of the receptor to interact with the ligand. Approximately

90% of the matureβ3 and 60% ofαIIb subunits are extracellular (41,42). The

previously described chain ofβ3 subunit is entirely extracellular with disulfide bond linked to the light chain, which contains a single transmembrane region. The cytoplasmatic tail of the light chain is short (composed of 21 amino acids) and contains a high-affinity cation-binding site.

Theβ3 subunit is 90% extracellular with a dominant disulfide loop that links its amino-

terminal parts to its midsection. Located near the membrane are four cysteine-rich tandem repeats which render this region resistant to the proteolysis. A single

 

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