Gamma rays from interactions of cosmic-ray electrons [Elektronische Ressource] / Elena Orlando

Sujets

• Astronomie

Informations

• Publié par: technische_universitat_munchen
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2008
• Nombre de lectures: 19
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 3 Mo

Extrait

TechnischeUniversita¨tMu¨nchen
Max-Planck-Institutfu¨rextraterrestrischePhysik
Garching beiMu¨nchen
Gammaraysfrominteractionsof
cosmic-rayelectrons
ElenaOrlando
Vollsta¨ndiger Abdruck der von der Fakulta¨t fu¨r Physik der Technischen Uni-
versita¨t Mu¨nchenzurErlangung desakademischen Gradeseines
DoktorsderNaturwissenschaften
genehmigtenDissertation.
Vorsitzender: Univ.–Prof. Dr. M. Ratz
¨Prufer: 1. Hon.–Prof. Dr. G.Hasinger
2. Univ.–Prof. Dr. F. von Feilitzsch
Die Dissertation wurde am 29.07.2008 bei der Technischen Universita¨t
Mu¨ncheneingereichtunddurchdieFakulta¨tfu¨rPhysikam29.09.2008angenom-
men.Contents
Summary 2
1 Introduction 4
1.1 Cosmic-rays: an overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2 Galactic cosmic-ray propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3 Cosmic-ray electronspectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.4 Galactic gamma-ray diffuse emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.5 Gamma-raymissionscitedin thiswork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.5.1 EGRET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.5.2 INTEGRAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.5.3 GLAST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.6 Thesisoverview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2 Inverse Compton emission from single stars and OB associa-
tions: theoryandperspectivesforGLAST 26
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.2 Somerough estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.3 InverseComptonfrom single stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.3.1 Basictheory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.3.2 Comparison ofisotropic/anisotropic formulations . . . . . 32
2.4 ICforstellar typesanddistances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.5 Candidates fordetection andpredictions forGLAST . . . . . . . 34
2.5.1 Possible stellar candidates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.5.2 OBassociations: Cygnus OB2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.6 Discussion andperspectives forGLAST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3 Gamma-rayemissionfromtheSun: theory,analysiswithEGRET
dataandperspectivesforGLAST 46
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
i3.2 Theoretical model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.2.1 Solarphotonfield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.2.2 Comparison ofisotropic/anisotropic formulations . . . . . 51
3.2.3 Electronspectrum andsolar modulation . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.2.4 Calculated extendedsolar emission. . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.3 EGRETdata preparation andselection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.4 Statistical method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.4.1 Maximum likelihoodmultiple fittingtechnique . . . . . . 58
3.4.2 Bayesian formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.5 EGRETanalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.5.1 Modelofextendedsolaremission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.5.2 3C279 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.5.3 Otherpoint-like background sources . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.5.4 Diffusebackground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.5.5 Moon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.6 Solaranalysis results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.7 Testsofanalysis procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.8 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.9 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3.10 Perspectives forGLAST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
4 Gamma-rayandsynchrotronemissionfromtheGalaxy: amulti-
wavelengthapproachtoconstrainCRelectrons 78
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
4.2 GALPROPcodeoverview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
4.3 Gamma-rayemission fromthe Galactic center . . . . . . . . . . 80
4.3.1 Somehistory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
4.3.2 Diffuseemission withGALPROP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
4.3.3 Outer Galaxy: Inverse Compton as contribution to the
X-ray background? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4.3.4 Discussion andConclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4.4 Diffuse synchrotron emission fromtheGalaxy . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.4.1 Galactic magneticfieldmodels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
4.4.2 Galactic magneticfield: model1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.4.3 Synchrotron radiation theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
4.4.4 Testingtheelectronspectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
4.4.5 Synchrotron results: model1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
ii4.4.6 Gamma-rayemission: model1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
4.4.7 Galactic magneticfield: model2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
4.4.8 Synchrotron results: model2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
4.4.9 Gamma-rayemission: model2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
4.4.10 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
4.4.11 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
ConclusionsandOutlook 130
Bibliography 134
iiiSummary
This thesis is focused on the study of the diffuse gamma-ray emission from
the Galaxy and the sources that contribute to it. It addresses mainly cosmic-
ray electrons that propagate in the Galaxy and the solar system producing
gamma-ray emission via inverse Compton scattering on the radiation fields.
Part of this work is performed also using the GALPROP code. The last part
ofthisthesisisfocusedontheradioemissionfromtheGalaxy,whichcancon-
strain thecosmic-ray electron spectrum.
The first chapter gives an introduction to cosmic rays and an overview of
the emission mechanisms from interaction of cosmic rays propagating in the
Galaxy.
BecausealargepartoftheGalacticopticalluminositycomesfromthemostlu-
minousstars, thesecond chapter ofmyworkis focused on developing models
oftheinverse-Comptongammaraysproducednearthesestars. Thisemission
is clumpy at some level, an effect which could be detectable by GLAST. This
hasnotbeen consideredin previous studies.
In the third chapter, I develop the model of the same process for the Sun,
taking into account the solar modulation of the cosmic-ray electrons and a
more precise formalism. The emission is predicted to be extended and also
contributes to the diffuse Galactic background. I analyse and detect this ex-
tended emission from the Sun in the EGRET data, with a flux in agreement
with my estimates. The analysis is performed taking into account the point
sources coming at small angles to the Sun, and the Galactic diffuse back-
ground. This will clearly be of interest for the GLAST (Gamma-ray Large
AreaTelescope launched in June2008) aswell.
In the fourth chapter I investigate the diffuse Galactic gamma-ray emission
and the propagation of cosmic-ray electrons in the Galaxy using gamma-ray
andradiodata,andtheGALPROPcode. ThisChaptershowsthecontribution
ofinverseComptonemissionbyscatteringofGeVcosmic-rayelectronsonthe
interstellar radiation field to the hard X-ray and gamma ray emission from
2the Galaxy. Finally it contains also the latest results of the implementation
inGALPROPofthecalculationofsynchrotronemissionfromtheGalaxy. The
aim is to exploit synchrotron radiation in order to constrain the cosmic-ray
electron spectrumandthe Galactic magneticfield.
3Chapter1
Introduction
1.1 Cosmic-rays: anoverview
In1912V.Hessdiscoveredthecosmic-ray (CR)radiation withballoon flights,
at an altitude of 5 km, from the observation that the ionisation in gases con-
tained in closed vessels was higher than what observed at sea level (Hess
(1932) and Hess (1922)). For 15 years cosmic rays were supposed to be very
penetratinggammaraysofcosmicorigin. R.Millikanin1925coinedtheterm
”CosmicRays”. In1927itwasdiscoveredthattheionisationproducedbycos-
mic rays depends on latitude. This geomagnetic effect confirmed that cosmic
rays are charged particles and it was clear that the main role was played by
protons. After 1948 it was found that CR are composed of nuclei of many
elements.
About90%ofthecosmicraynucleiareprotons,about9%arehelium(alpha
particles), and the contribution of all of the rest of the elements is only 1%,
including electrons. In this one percent there are very rare elements and
isotopes.
20Cosmic-ray spectrum extends from 100 MeV to beyond 10 eV. Particles
with energy below 100 MeV come from the Sun. Below 10 GeV the CR flux
17is modulated by the heliospheric magnetic fields. CR with energy below 10 -
1810 eV are believed to be of Galactic origin, while above those energies are
considered to be of extra-galactic origin, since they can not be magnetically
18boundtotheGalaxy. Infactaprotonwithenergyabove10 eVhasaLarmor
radius above 350 pc in a magnetic field of 3μG, that is larger than the thick-
9 14 20 −2ness of the Galactic disc. Around 10 eV, 10 eV and 10 eV, fluxes of 1 m
−1 −2 −1 −2 −1s , 1m yr and1km yr are detectedrespectively.
4CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
The differential spectrum of CR is shown in Fig.