Genetic diversity, evolution and domestication of Triticeae in the fertile crescent [Elektronische Ressource] / vorgelegt von Benjamin Kilian
235 pages
English

Genetic diversity, evolution and domestication of Triticeae in the fertile crescent [Elektronische Ressource] / vorgelegt von Benjamin Kilian

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235 pages
English
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Genetic diversity, evolution and domestication of Triticeae in the Fertile CrescentInaugural-DissertationzurErlangung des Doktorgrades derMathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultätder Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorfvorgelegt vonBenjamin Kilianaus SuhlOktober 2007Wild wheats in the Karacadag mountain range in South-East Turkey (Picture: Hakan Özkan)Aus dem Institut für Botanik IIIder Heinrich-Heine-Universität DüsseldorfGedruckt mit der Genehmigung derMathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät derHeinrich-Heine-Universität DüsseldorfReferent: Prof. Dr. W. MartinKorreferent: Prof. Dr. K. LunauTag der mündlichen Prüfung: 13.12.2007Table of ContentsChapter 1. General introduction and scope of the thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Chapter 2. Evolutionary history of wheats - the main cereal of mankind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Chapter 3. ����������������������������������������������������������� ������ ������������� ������ �� �������� ����������������� ��� �������� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .�� �� �� �� �� �� ��31 �� �� �� �� �� �� ���� ���� ���� ��Chapter 4. IndependentIndependent wheat B and G genome origins in outcrossing wheat B and G genome origins in outcrossing Aegilops progenitor haplotypes. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .�. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Publié par
Publié le 01 janvier 2007
Nombre de lectures 83
Langue English
Poids de l'ouvrage 17 Mo

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Genetic diversity, evolution and domestication
of Triticeae in the Fertile Crescent
Inaugural-Dissertation
zur
Erlangung des Doktorgrades der
Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät
der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf
vorgelegt von
Benjamin Kilian
aus Suhl
Oktober 2007Wild wheats in the Karacadag mountain range in South-East Turkey (Picture: Hakan Özkan)Aus dem Institut für Botanik III
der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf
Gedruckt mit der Genehmigung der
Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der
Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf
Referent: Prof. Dr. W. Martin
Korreferent: Prof. Dr. K. Lunau
Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 13.12.2007Table of Contents
Chapter 1. General introduction and scope of the thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Chapter 2. Evolutionary history of wheats - the main cereal of mankind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Chapter 3. ����������������������������������������������������������� ������ ������������� ������ �� �������� ����������������� ��� �������� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .�� �� �� �� �� �� ��31 �� �� �� �� �� �� ���� ���� ���� ��
Chapter 4. IndependentIndependent wheat B and G genome origins in outcrossing wheat B and G genome origins in outcrossing Aegilops
progenitor haplotypes. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .�. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .�33
Chapter 5. Geography and domestication of wild emmer wheat (T. dicoccoides). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Chapter 6. Estimating genetic diversity in durum and bread wheat cultivars from
Turkey using AFLP and SAMPL markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Chapter 7. MolecularMolecular diversity at 1diversity at 1�� loci in 321 wild and 92 domesticate lines loci in 321 wild and 92 domesticate lines
reveal no reduction of nucleotide diversity during Triticum monococcum
(einkorn) domestication: Implications for the origin of agriculture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1�7
Chapter 8. N������v����������d�d����������������������������������������d�
of einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191
Chapter 9. HaplotypeHaplotype structure at seven barley genes: relevance to gene pool structure at seven barley genes: relevance to gene pool
bottlenecks, phylogeny of ear type and site of barley domestication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199phylogeny of ear type and site of barley domestication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Chapter 10. Summary, concluding remarks and future prospects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .219219
Abstract .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222222���
Deutsche Zusammenfassung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2222
Curriculum vitae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22�
Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229229
Acknowledgements/Danksagung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .230
Chapter 1
General introduction and scope of the thesisCHAPTER 1
“For the sake of future generations, we MUST
collect and study wild and weedy relatives of our
cultivated plants as well as the domesticated races.
These sources of germplasm have been dangerously
neglected in the past, but the future may not be
so tolerant. In the plant breeding programs of
tomorrow we cannot afford to ignore any source of
useable genes.”
J. R. Harlan (1970)
Cereals provide more than 0% of the worldwide crop production and are important renewable
resources for food, feed, and industrial materials (http://faostat.fao.org/). The Triticeae tribe within the
Pooideae subfamily of the grass family (Poaceae) includes the important crop genera Triticum (wheat),
Hordeum (barley) and Secale (rye).
Wheat is the primary cereal of temperate regions and the staple food for about �0% of the worlds
population. Globally, wheat is the second most widely produced crop, just recently superseded by maize,
while barley ranks fourth in the world after maize, wheat and rice (http://faostat.fao.org/; http://www.
croptrust.org). Wheat and barley are the most important staple crops of Europe and the western part of Asia.
Wheat is mainly used for bread and pasta, barley is mainly used as fodder and for brewing beer, rye for
fodder and bread.
Human history in Europe is closely interwoven with these three staple crops, because wheat and
barley (and possibly rye) belong to the Neolithic founder crops that built western agriculture some 12,000
years ago.
Origins of cultivated plants and agriculture – a brief historical overview
The origins of cultivated plants and their domestication have been of large interest beginning with the
landmark essays of Alexander von Humboldt “Essai sur la géographie des plantes” (Humboldt von 1��0�;
Fiedler and Leitner 2000), of Charles Darwin “The origin of species” (Darwin 1��9) and “The variation of
animals and plants under domestication” (Darwin 1�����); and of Alphonse de Candolle “Origine de plantes
cultivées” in 1����2 (Candolle de 1����2; Damania 199��).
De Candolle studied biogeography of cultivated crops and indicated three regions where plant
domestication may have taken place: Southwest Asia, China and Tropical Asia. He found that historic events
such as glaciations and domestication had paramount importances for crop plant distribution (Candolle de
�882)���� � �d d������� d����������������d ���������������� ���������������������� ���������������������d ���������� ��d ����������� v�d����� ���v�d� ���������d �������� ������ d ���������������d ���� ���
the origin of plant domestication (Gepts 199��).
In 192�, Nikolay Ivanovich Vavilov published his book “Centers of origin of cultivated plants”
(V �v���v �926)��V � Vv ��� v ���� d d � ������������� ���������� ������ ��� � v������v������������� ��� ��d d����� ������ � d d� �v v�������������� ������ ���������� ����d��d dv �����������������d � ��������� �
is concentrated in mountainous districts“. Vavilov then summarized all his work on diversity in 193 in “The
phytogeographical basis for plant breeding” (Vavilov 193) in which he describes eight centers, including
a Mediterranean Center where wheats, barleys, vegetables and fruits originated (Hawkes 199��). Vavilovavilov
undertook more than one hundred collecting missions and expeditions the results of which are presented in
��� �����������v� ���������� ��� ��� ����-R������S��������� R������� I�������� ���P���� I�d������ (VIR) (�������http://
www.vir.nw.ru).).
��CHAPTER 1
Two years later, the archaeologist and philosopher, Vere Gordon Childe presented his “Oasis Theory”
which proposed that agriculture began in the Near East when the climate changed at the end of the last glacial
period, which he also termed “Neolithic Revolution” (Childe 192��, 193�; Harris 199��).
Subsequent work by Robert Braidwood who excavated Jarmo (Braidwood and Braidwood 190)
and Cayönü (Braidwood et al. 19�9) led to the suggestion that agriculture began in the “Hilly Flanks of
Breasted’s ‘Fertile Crescent’” and not in the valleys of the large rivers (Braidwood and Braidwood 190;
Braidwood 1972; Braidwood et al. 19��3). The term “Fertile Crescent” stems in turn from James Henry
Breasted (Breasted 193��; Braidwood 1972).
Archaeological evidence cannot provide all pieces of the puzzle and contributions from related research
����d��� ��k� �������������� �� ������� v������������ ��d ����������d �� ��� ������ k�����d�� (������ ��d
Zohary 19��; Harlan 1971; Harlan 197; Hillman and Davies 1990; Harlan 199; Nesbitt 199; Nesbitt and
Samuel 199�; Willcox 199�; Zohary 1999; Hillman 2000; Nesbitt 2002; Willcox 200; Tanno and Willcox
200�).
For more than two decades now, molecular biology is providing an increasing amount of new
information on genetic diversity of crop plants in relation to their wild relatives, on centers of domestication,
�� ��� ���� ������ ��� ���d������������ ������� ��d �� �������� ������� ���� ��d�����d����������d ������ �����
various molecular markers.
The conection between molecular markers and domestication geography was forged by Heun et al.
(1997) who located the origin of einkorn wheat domestication to the Karacadag mountain area in South East
T ��k��� ����� ��������d ��������� ������ ������������� (��FLP) �� ��������� ���k�� ��T��� ���k ���������d
��� ������ ���� ��� ������ ��� ����������� �� ������d �������� Other ���� � dimportant ����������� �contributions �������������using ����� difd���ferent �������
molecular markers for other species foll

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