Implementing climate protection in the legal system of China [Elektronische Ressource] : international, national legal framework and the case of road transportation / vorgelegt von Yi-xiang Xu

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• Publié par: eberhard_karls_universitat_tubingen
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2008
• Nombre de lectures: 12
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

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Implementing Climate Protection in the Legal System of China
International, National Legal Framework and the Case of Road Transportation








Inaugural-Dissertation
zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der
Juristischen Fakultät
der Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen




vorgelegt von
Yi-xiang Xu
aus Yunnan, VR. China
2008

























Dekan: Prof. Dr. Joachim Vogel
1. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Martin Nettesheim
2. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Barbara Remmert
Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 22. Juli 2008






I

Acknowledgements

I would like to express my deep gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Dr. Martin Nettesheim,
and to Professor Dr. Barbara Remmert for encouraging me to accomplish this thesis and
helping me at every turn. I would also like to thank the German Academic Exchange
Service(DAAD) for the financial support for my study in Germany, without which this work
would not have been possible.
Many others have provided me with wholehearted and patient help while I wrote this
dissertation, special thanks are due to Barbara Black, Junzhai Ma, Isolde Zeiler, Heike
Schädlich, Gannon Hubbard, Kate Erwin, Benjamin Pape and Yan Hong.



Yixiang Xu
Tübingen, August 2008



















II

Contents

A.Introduction……………………………………………………….1
B. The International Legal Framework of Climate Protection and
the Participation of Developing Countries........................................5
I. The Interests and Commitments of Developing Countries in the
UNFCCC ............................................................................................................................ 5
1. The Principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibility in the
UNFCCC ......................................................................................................................... 5
a) The Principle.............................................................................................................. 5
b) Justifications for the Common but Differentiated Responsibility............................. 6
c) The Structure of the Commitments of the UNFCCC: the Asymmetry of the
Commitments for Climate Protection............................................................................. 7
aa) The General Commitments .................................................................................. 7
bb) The Specific Commitments.................................................................................. 8
2. No Mitigation Commitment for Developing Countries?................................ 9
3. The UNFCCC as the Normative Foundation for International Climate
Protection Cooperation .............................................................................................. 11
II. The Kyoto Protocol and the Participation of Developing Countries in
Climate Protection through CDM........................................................................... 12
1. The Kyoto Protocol and the CDM...................................................................... 12
2. The Basic Rules of CDM...................................................................................... 13
a) The Process of CDM................................................................................................ 14
b) The Criteria of a CDM Project................................................................................ 14
aa) Approved by each Party Involved ...................................................................... 15
bb) Real, Measurable, and Long-Term Benefits Related to the Mitigation of Climate
Change...................................................................................................................... 15
cc) Additionality...................................................................................................... 15
c) Setting the Baseline .................................................................................................. 16
III. The Insufficiency of Participation of Developing Countries in the
Current International Climate Protection Agreements .................................. 17
1. The Significance of Effective Participation of Developing Countries in
the Climate Protection................................................................................................ 17
a)The Effective Participation and the Achievement of the Objective of UNFCCC .... 17
b) The Lock-in Effect and Urgency of the Active Participation of Developing
Countries in the Control of GHG Emission ................................................................. 18
2. Assessments of the Participation of Developing Countries in the Current
International Climate Protection Treaties.............................................................. 19
a) Participation of Developing Countries in the Current International Climate
Protection Treaties....................................................................................................... 19
b) Insufficiency of Participation of Developing Countries in the Current International
Climate Protection Agreements ................................................................................... 21
aa) The Insufficiency of Commitments of Developing Countries ........................... 21
III
bb) The Limitations of CDM ................................................................................... 22
C. The Future International Climate Legal Framework and the
Participation of Developing Countries ............................................24
I. Equity :The Main Concern of Developing Countries in the Future
International Climate Agreements ......................................................................... 25
1. The Dispute on the Equity of Climate Protection Treaties .......................... 25
2. The Different Equity Principle between Adaptation and Mitigation ...... 27
a) Three Dimensions of Equity in the International Climate Conventions................ 27
b) Damages due to Climate Change, Adaptation and Retributive Justice.................. 28
c)The Obligation for Control of the GHG Emissions and Distributive Justice ........... 30
3. “ Equal per Capita Entitlement” as the Main Criterion of Distribution for
the Obligations of GHG Control.............................................................................. 31
a) The Justification of the“ Equal per Capita Entitlement” ........................................ 31
b) Putting “Equal Entitlement per Capita“ into Practice ........................................ 33
aa) “Emissions per Capita” as a Threshold Indicator............................................... 33
bb) “ Equal Entitlement per Capita” as an Aim ....................................................... 33
4. Effective Participation of a Developing Country before Its Emissions per
Capita Reach the World’s Average Level............................................................. 35
a) Graduation and the Commitments of Developing Countries................................... 35
b) Justifications for the Involvement of a Developing Country in a Commitment
Regime before its Emissions per Capita Reaches the World’s Average Level ............ 36
II.The Commitment Model of Developing Countries in Future
International Climate Conventions ........................................................................ 39
1. Legally Binding Commitments or Non-binding Commitments.................. 39
a)The Definitions of Legally Binding Commitments and Non-binding Commitments39
b) Legally Binding Commitments and Non-binding Commitments in the Case of
Climate Protection ....................................................................................................... 42
c)The Effects of Legally Binding Commitments ........................................................... 44
2. Action-based Commitments, Target-based Commitments or Mixed
Commitments ............................................................................................................... 46
a)Action-based Commitments ...................................................................................... 47
aa) Sustainable Development Policies and Measures(SD-PAMs)........................... 47
bb) Extended CDM .................................................................................................. 47
cc) Harmonized Domestic Policies and Measures ................................................... 48
b)Targets-based Commitments.................................