Investigation of the effect of low oxygen tension on the osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells [Elektronische Ressource] / vorgelegt von Bobby Cherian Kallukalam

Bobby Cherian Kallukalam

Sujets

• Gesundheit

Informations

• Publié par: ludwig-maximilians-universitat_munchen
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 18
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 2 Mo

Extrait

Aus der Chirurgischen Klinik und Poliklinik – Innenstadt,
der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München,
Experimentelle Chirurgie und Regenerative Medizin, Experimed
Direktor: Prof. Dr. med. Wolf Mutschler



Investigation of the effect of low oxygen tension on the
osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem
cells

Dissertation
zum Erwerb des Doktorgrades der Humanbiologie
(Dr. rer. biol. hum.)
an der Medizinischen Fakultät
der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität zu München



vorgelegt von
Bobby Cherian Kallukalam
aus Wiesbaden

2010



Mit Genehmigung der Medizinischen Fakultät
der Universität München








Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. med. M. Schieker
Mitberichterstatter: Priv. Doz. Dr. med. Ralf Sodian
Priv. Doz. Dr. rer. nat. Peter Neth

Mitbetreuung durch den
promovierten Mitarbeiter: Dr. med. E. Volkmer


Dekan: Prof. Dr. med. Dr. h.c. M. Reiser, FACR, FRCR

Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 19.07.2010











For my parents









"Education is a companion which no misfortune can depress,
no crime can destroy, no enemy can alienate, no despotism can enslave.
At home, a friend, abroad, an introduction, in solitude a solace and in society an
ornament.
It chastens vice, it guides virtue, it gives at once grace and government to genius.
Without it, what is man? A splendid slave, a reasoning savage."

Joseph Addison (1672-1719)
Content I
Content
1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 1
1.1 Clinical relevance: bone defects ....................................... 1
1.2 Bone fracture healing ........................................................................................ 1
1.2.1 Primary fracture healing ............. 2
1.2.2 Secondary fracture healing ......................................................................... 2
1.3 Bone grafting ..................................... 4
1.3.1 Principle ...................................................................... 4
1.3.2 Types of bone grafts ................................................................................... 5
1.4 Tissue Engineering ........................... 7
1.4.1 Bone Tissue Engineering ..........................................................................10
1.4.1.1 Bone - Structure and Function ..................... 10
1.4.2 Scaffolds for bone tissue engineering........................................................11
1.4.3 Stem cells ..................................................................15
1.4.3.1 Embryonic stem cells ................................... 15
1.4.3.2 Human mesenchymal stem cells ................................................. 16
1.4.3.2.1 The stem cell niche ................................................................... 17
1.4.3.3 Immortalised hMSC (SCP-1) ........................ 19
1.5 Hypoxia in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine ...............................20
1.5.1 HIF-1   .....................................................................................................21
1.5.2 Hypoxia and its role in osteogenic differentiation ......23 Content II
1.6 Aim of this study ...............................................................................................25
2 Materials and Methods ..................................................................... 27
2.1 Cell culture .......................................27
2.2 3D culture .........................................................................28
2.3 Hypoxia ............................................29
2.4 Passaging of cells ............................................................................................30
2.5 Cell counting using Neubauer cell chamber .....................30
2.6 Cryopreservation and thawing of cells .............................................................31
2.7 Induction of osteogenic differentiation ..............................32
2.8 Hypoxic preconditioning ...................................................................................32
2.9 Induction of adipogenic differentiation ..............................34
2.10 Oxygen Measurements ..................................................................................34
2.10.1 Principle of oxygen measurement ...........................34
2.10.2 2D oxygen measurement ........................................................................35
2.10.3 3D oxygen measurement ........36
2.11 Live-dead-assay .............................................................................................38
2.12 Hypoxia detection assay ................................................................................39
2.13 Hif-1  western blot .........................40
2.14 WST-1 assay .................................................................................................41
2.15 Growth kinetics...............................41
2.16 5-bromo-2‟deoxyuridine (BrdU) assay ............................................................41 Content III
2.17 Alizarin red staining ........................................................................................42
2.18 Oil red O staining ...........................42
2.19 RT-PCR assays .............................................................................................43
2.20 hTERT staining ..............................45
2.21 Clonogenic assay ...........................................................................................45
2.22 Transient knockdown of HIF-1  with siRNA during osteogenic differentiation
of hMSC .................................................................................................................46
2.23 Stabilisation of Hif-1  with DFO during osteogenic differentiation of hMSC...48
2.24 Statistical analysis ..........................................................................................50
3 Results .............................................................................................. 51
3.1 3D cultures of hMSC are exposed to low oxygen in vitro .................................51
3.2 Detection and confirmation of cellular hypoxia .................................................53
3.3 Hypoxia promotes proliferation of hMSC ..........................54
3.4 Hypoxia increases DNA synthesis in hMSC .....................................................56
3.5 Hypoxia inhibits osteogenic differentiation of hMSC ........................................57
3.6 Hypoxia favours stemness over differentiation .................59
3.7 Hypoxic preconditioning restores hypoxia-induced delay in osteogenic
differentiation .........................................................................................................61
3.8 The effect of hypoxic preconditioning on osteogenic differentiation is not donor
dependent ..............................................................................................................65
3.9 HIF-1  does not play a major role in osteogenic differentiation of hMSC ........67 Content IV
3.10 Impact of low oxygen tension on SCP-1 ........................................................72
3.11 Oxygen measurements of SCP-1 in 3D versus 2D culture ............................77
3.12 The effect of hypoxic preconditioning on the differentiation capability of SCP-1
...............................................................................................................................82
4 Discussion ........................ 85
4.1 Hypoxia as a limiting factor in cell-based tissue engineering ...........................85
4.1.1 Cells used for tissue engineering applications are exposed to hypoxia .....85
4.1.2 Hypoxia promotes cell proliferation............................................................87
4.1.3 Hypoxia inhibits osteogenic differentiation .................88
4.1.4 Hypoxia promotes stemness .....................................................................89
4.2 Hypoxic preconditioning as a treatment for cells in tissue engineering
applications ............................................................................................................90
4.3 HIF-1  has no direct effect on osteogenic differentiation .93
4.4 SCP-1 as a model system ................................................................................95
4.5 Hypoxic preconditioning of SCP-1 does not improve cell survival in DBM
scaffolds .................................................................................................................98
4.6 Conclusion .....101
4.7 Outlook ...........................................................................................................103
Summary ........................... 104
Zusammenfassung ........................................................................... 106
List of figures .................... 108 Content V
List of tables ...........................................