LRP1 modulates APP trafficking and APP metabolism within compartments of the secretory pathway [Elektronische Ressource] : increased AICD generation is ineffective in nuclear translocation and transcriptional activation / Elaine Waldron

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Sujets

• Biologie

Informations

• Publié par: johannes_gutenberg-universitat_mainz
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2008
• Nombre de lectures: 22
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 12 Mo

Extrait

LRP1 modulates APP trafficking and APP metabolism within
compartments of the secretory pathway

Increased AICD generation is ineffective in nuclear translocation and
transcriptional activation

Dissertation
for the obtainment of Doctor of Philosophy

Faculty of Biology
Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany

Elaine Waldron
Born on 04.07.1979 in Galway (Ireland)

Mainz, 2007
To my parents, Ralph and Christina, with loveAbstract
LRP1 modulates APP trafficking and metabolism within compartments
of the secretory pathway

The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is the parent protein to the amyloid beta peptide (A)
and is a central player in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology. A liberation depends on
APP cleavage by - and -secretases. To date, only a unilateral view of APP processing
exists, excluding other proteins, which might be transported together and/or processed
dependent on each other by the secretases described above. The low density lipoprotein
receptor related protein 1 (LRP1) was shown to function as such a mediator of APP
processing at multiple steps. Newly synthesized LRP1 can interact with APP, implying an
interaction between these two proteins early in the secretory pathway. Therefore, we
wanted to investigate whether LRP1 can mediate APP trafficking along the secretory
pathway, and, if so, whether it affects APP processing. Indeed, we demonstrate that APP
trafficking is strongly influenced by LRP1 transport through the endoplasmic reticulum
(ER) and Golgi compartments. LRP1-constructs with ER- and Golgi-retention motifs
(LRP-CT KKAA, LRP-CT KKFF) had the capacity to retard APP trafficking at the
respective steps in the secretory pathway. Here, we provide evidence that APP metabolism
occurs in close conjunction with LRP1 trafficking, highlighting a new role of lipoprotein
receptors in neurodegenerative diseases.
Abstract
Increased AICD generation is ineffective in nuclear translocation and
transcriptional activity

A sequence of amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleavages gives rise to the APP
intracellular domain (AICD) together with amyloid peptide (A) and/or p3 fragment.
One of the environmental factors identified favouring the accumulation of AICD appears
to be a rise in intracellular pH. This accumulation is a result of an abrogated cleavage event
and does not extend to other secretase substrates. AICD can activate the transcription of
artificially expressed constructs and many downstream gene targets have been discussed.
Here we further identified the metabolism and subcellular localization of the constructs
used in this well documented gene reporter assay. We also co-examined the mechanistic
lead up to the AICD accumulation and explored possible significances for its increased
expression. We found that most of the AICD generated under pH neutralized conditions is
likely that cleaved from C83. Furthermore, the AICD surplus is not transcriptionally active
but rather remains membrane tethered and free in the cytosol where it interacts with Fe65.
However, Fe65 is still essential in AICD mediated transcriptional transactivation although
its exact role in this set of events is unclear.
Papers
This thesis is based on the following publications

Waldron E, Sebastian Jaeger, Pietrzik CU (2006): The functional role of the Low density
lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) in AD. Neurodegenerative Diseases 3(4-5):233-8

Waldron E, Heilig C, Schweitzer A, Jaeger S, Martin AM, Weggen S, Brix B, Pietrzik CU
(2007): LRP1 modulates APP trafficking and metabolism within compartments of the secretory
pathway. Submitted
Waldron E, Jaeger S, Martin AM, Weggen S, Pietrzik CU (2007): Increased AICD generation is
ineffective in nuclear translocation and transcriptional activity. Submitted Abbreviations
AB Amyloid B-Protein
AD Alzheimer’s disease
ADAM A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase
AICD APP IntracellularDomain
Amp Ampicillin
Aph1 Anterior pharynx defective 1
APL-1 APP-like Protein 1
APLP1 Amyloid B Precursor-like Protein 1
APLP2 AmyloiB Precursor-like Protein 2
ApoER Apo-Lipoprotein-E-Receptor2
APPL Amyloid Precursor Protein like
APP AmyloidPrecursoProtein
APPsAmyloid Precursor Protein Ectodomain
APS Ammonium persulfate
BACE B-site APP cleaving enzyme
BCA Bichinolin-4-carbonsäure
BSA Bovine Serum Albumin
°C Degrees Celsius
cDNA Complementary deoxyribonucleic acid
CHO Chinese HamsterOvary
Cm Centimeter
CO Carbon dioxide 2
CTF C-terminal fragment
Cu Copper
CuSO Copper sulfate 4
DMEM Dulbecco’s Minimal Essential Medium
DMSO Dimethyl sulfoxide
DNA Desoxyribonucleic acid
E.coliEscherichia coli
EDTA Ethylendiamintetraessigsäure
EGF Epidermal Growth Factor
ER Endoplasmic Reticulum
FAD Familial Alzheimer Disease
FKS/FBS Fetal Bovine Serum
G Gramm
GFP Green Fluorescent Protein
H hour
HEK Human Embryonic Kidney
HOsterile distilled water 2 dd
HRP Horseradish Peroxidase
Hygro Hygromycin
IgG Immunglobulin G
IP Immunoprecipitation Abbreviations
KCl Calcium chloride
kDakilo Dalton
KH PO Calcium hydrogen phosphate 2 4
Ko knock out
KPIKuniz-Type-Proteinase-Inhibitor
LB Luria-bertani Broth
LDL Low DensityLipoprotein
LDLR Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor
LTP Long terminal potentiation
M Molar
mA Milli ampere
MEF Mouse Embryonic Fibroblast
MES (2-(N-Morpholino)-ethansulfonsäure)
Mg Milligramm
Magnesium chloride MgCl2
MgSO Magnesium sulfate 4
Min Minute
Ml Milliliter
Mm Millimeter
mM Millimolar
NaCl Sodium chloride
NaH PO Sodium hydrogen phosphate 2 4
NaN Sodium azide 3
NaOH Sodium hydroxide
Ng Nano gramm
NICD Notch Intracellular Domain
Nm Nanometer
NMDAR N-Methyl-D-aspartat-Receptor
NPxY Asparagin-Prolin-x-Tyrosine-Motive
NSAID Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
NTF N-terminal Fragment
ODOptical Density
PAGE Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
PBS Phosphate buffered saline
PCRPolymerasechain reaction
Pen-2 Presenilin enhancer 2
PHFs Paired helical filaments
PID Phosphotyrosine-Interactions domain
PM Plasma membrane
PS Presenilin
PSD-95 Postsynaptic Density Protein-95
RIP Regulated intramembrane Proteolysis
RpmRounds per minute Abbreviations
RT Room temperature
S Second
SDS Sodiumdodecylsulfate
SP Signal Peptide
Sw swedish mutation
TACE TNF-alpha converting enzyme
TBS Tris BufferdSaline
TE Tris-EDTA
TEMED N,N,N’N‘-Tetramethylethylendiamin
TM Transmembrane domain
Hg Microgramm
Hl Microliter
µM Micromolar
UV ultra violet
V Volt
VLDL Very Low Density Lipoprotein
VLDL(R) Very Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor
WB Western Blot
Wt Wild Typ Contents
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Risk factors for AD 1
1.2 Genetics ofAD 2
1.2.1 Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) 2
1.2.2 Presenilin 1 and 2 3
1.3 Neuropathology 3
1.4 Pathobiology 7
1.4.1 Amyloid Hypothesis 7
1.4.2 Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) Metabolism 10
1.4.2.1 Amyloid Precursor Protein Intracellular Domain (AICD) 14
1.4.2.2 Phosphorylation 14
1.4.2.3 Cell Signaling 15
1.5 The Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor (LDLR) Gene Family 15
1.5.1 The Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor Related Protein 1 (LRP1) 17
1.6 LRP1 and AD 18
1.6.1 LRP1 interacts with APP 18
1.6.2 LRP1 and APP processing 19
1.7 The Secretory pathway and KKXX motifs 20
2Materials and Methods 22
2.1 Reagents, buffers, solutions, equipment 22
2.1.1 Chemicals 22
2.1.2 Kits 23
2.1.3 Enzymes used for carbohydrate digestions 23
2.1.4 Transfection reagents 24
2.1.5 Equipment 24
2.1.6 Standard material 25
2.1.7 Cell culture media 26
2.1.8 Media and solutions for bacteria culture 27
2.1.9 Buffers and solutions for DNA gel electrophoresis 28
2.1.10 Buffers and solutions for protein biochemistry and polyacrylamide
gel electrophoresis 29
2.1.11 Buffers and solutions for surface biotinylation 30
2.1.12 Buffers and solutions for membrane preparation 30 Contents
2.1.13 Buffers and solutions for subcellular fractionation 30
2.1.14 Buffers and solutions for immunocytochemistry 31
2.1.15 Software 32
2.1.16 Antibodies 32
2.2 Cell culture 33
2.2.1 Cell lines 34
2.2.2 Transfections
2.2.3 Treatments 34
2.3 cDNA constructs 34
2.4 Immunoprecipitation 35
2.5 Membrane preparation
2.6 Cell surface biotinylation 36
2.7 Endoand PNGaseF digestions 36 H
2.8 Confocal microscopy
2.9 Western blotting 37
2.10 Metabolic labelling 37
2.11 AICD reporter assay