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Publié par | freie_universitat_berlin |
Publié le | 01 janvier 2010 |
Nombre de lectures | 33 |
Langue | Deutsch |
Poids de l'ouvrage | 2 Mo |
Extrait
Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Freie Universität Berlin
Management of trypanocidal drug resistance in cattle in identified chemoresistance hot
spots in the administrative District of Sikasso, south-east Mali
Thesis submitted
for the fulfilment of a doctoral degree in Veterinary Medicine at
the Freie Universität Berlin
Submitted by
Erick Mungube Ouma
BVM (UoN), MSc. T.V.E (FU Berlin/AAU)
from Kenia
Berlin 2010
Journal-Nr.: 3419
Gedruckt mit Genehmigung des Fachbereichs Veterinärmedizin
der Freien Universität Berlin
Dekan: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Dr. Leo Brunnberg
Erster Gutachter: PD Dr. Peter-Henning Clausen
Zweiter Gutachter: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Dr. Karl-Hans Zessin
Dritter Gutachter: PD Dr. Bernd-Alois Tenhagen
Deskriptoren (nach CAB-Thesaurus):
Drug resistance, cattle, trypanosomosis, Mali, monitoring, risk groups,
tsetse targets
Tag der Promotion: 01.10.2010
Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek
Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen
Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über
<http://dnb.ddb.de> abrufbar.
ISBN: 978-3-86664-845-6
Zugl.: Berlin, Freie Univ., Diss., 2010
Dissertation, Freie Universität Berlin
D 188
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First to GOD ALMIGHTY
and my family Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................. VI
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ VIII
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ............................................................................... X
1 INTRODUCTION . 1
2 OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................................ 5
2.1 Broad objective ................................................................................................................... 5
2.2 Specific objectives ............................................................................................................... 5
3 LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................................... 6
3.1 Tsetse transmitted African animal trypanosomosis (AAT) ............................................ 6
3.1.1 Impact of AAT on African agriculture .......................................................................... 6
3.1.2 Epidemiology of bovine trypanosomosis ...................................................................... 7
3.1.2.1 Pathogen (trypanosomes) ....................................................................................... 7
3.1.2.2 The vector of African trypanosomosis (AT) .......................................................... 8
3.1.2.3 Hosts ....................................................................................................................... 9
3.1.2.3 Environment ......................................................................................................... 10
3.1.3 Diagnosis of AAT ....................................................................................................... 11
3.1.3.1 Parasitological tests .............................................................................................. 11
3.1.3.1.1 Blood films .................................................................................................... 11
3.1.3.1.2 Parasite concentration techniques ................................................................. 12
3.1.3.1.3 Sub-inoculation ............................................................................................. 12
3.1.3.1.4 Xenodiagnosis ............................................................................................... 13
3.1.3.1.5 In vitro culture methods ................................................................................ 13
3.1.3.2 Serological techniques .......................................................................................... 13
3.1.3.3 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ........................................................................ 14
3.1.4 Management of bovine trypanosomosis ...................................................................... 15
3.1.4.1 Trypanocidal drugs 15
3.1.4.1.1 Prophylactic treatments ................................................................................. 15
3.1.4.1.2 Curative treatments ....................................................................................... 15
3.1.4.2 Tsetse control ....................................................................................................... 16
3.1.4.2.1 Sequential aerosol technique (SAT) .............................................................. 16
3.1.4.2.2 Stationary attractive devices (traps and targets) ............................................ 16
3.1.4.2.3 Live bait technique ........................................................................................ 17
3.1.4.2.4 Sterile insect technique (SIT) ........................................................................ 18
3.1.4.3 Trypanotolerant breeds ......................................................................................... 19
3.1.5 Trypanocidal drug resistance ...................................................................................... 19
3.1.5.1 Definition ............................................................................................................. 19
3.1.5.2 Current situation of resistance .............................................................................. 20
3.1.5.3 Mechanisms involved in resistance to ISMM and DIM ...................................... 21
3.1.5.4 Detection of drug resistance ................................................................................. 22
i Table of Contents
3.1.5.4.1 Field methods ................................................................................................ 22
3.1.5.4.2 Drug sensitivity studies in experimental animals .......................................... 23
3.1.5.4.3 In vitro assays 25
3.1.5.4.4 Xenodiagnosis ............................................................................................... 25
3.1.5.4.5 Serological techniques ................................................................................... 26
3.1.5.4.6 Molecular techniques .................................................................................... 26
3.2 Helminths in cattle ........................................................................................................... 27
3.2.1 Relevance of helminth infections ................................................................................ 27
3.2.2 Trematoda .................................................................................................................... 27
3.2.2.1 Family Fasciolidae 27
3.2.2.2 Family Paramphistomatidae ................................................................................. 28
3.2.2.3 Family Dicrocoelidae ........................................................................................... 29
3.2.3 Cestoda ........................................................................................................................ 30
3.2.3.1 Family Anoplocephalidae .................................................................................... 30
3.2.4 Nematoda .................................................................................................................... 30
3.2.4.1 Order Rhabditida .................................................................................................. 30
3.2.4.2 Order Strongylida ................................................................................................. 31
3.2.4.3 Order Ascaridida 32
3.2.5 Diagnosis of helminth i