Mechanisms of β-cell [beta-cell] loss in male Munich Ins2_1hnC_1hn9_1hn5_1hnS mutant mice [Elektronische Ressource] / by Sabine Martha Kautz

Sabine Martha Kautz

Sujets

• Gesundheit

Informations

• Publié par: ludwig-maximilians-universitat_munchen
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 5
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 8 Mo

Extrait

From the Institute of Veterinary Pathology

Department of General Pathology and Pathological Anatomy
Chair: Prof. Dr. W. Hermanns
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

Under the supervision of
Dr. N. Herbach and Prof. Dr. R. Wanke






Mechanisms of β-cell loss
C95Sin male Munich Ins2 mutant mice





Inaugural-Dissertation
to achieve the doctor title of veterinary medicine
at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich



by Sabine Martha Kautz
from Schwanstetten

Munich 2010 Gedruckt mit der Genehmigung der Tierärztlichen Fakultät
der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München












Dekan: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Braun

Berichterstatter Univ.-Prof. Dr. Wanke

Korreferent/en: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Gabius
Univ.-Prof. Aigner
Prof. Dr. Kaltner Dr. Ammer










Tag der Promotion: 13. Februar 2010









Für meine Eltern
und meinen Freund Lothar
Table of content
1 Introduction 1
2 Literature review 3
2.1 Diabetes mellitus 3
2.1.1 Prevalence 3
2.1.2 Costs 3
2.1.3 Definition, description, classification and diagnosis of diabetes
mellitus 4
2.1.3.1 Definition and description 4
2.1.3.2 Classification 5
2.1.3.3 Diagnosis 7
2.2 Types of diabetes mellitus 8
2.2.1 Diabetes type 1 8
2.2.2 Diabetes type 2 9
2.2.3 Monogenic forms of diabetes mellitus 10
2.2.3.1 Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) 10
2.2.3.2 Neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM) 11
2.2.3.3 Mutations in the insulin gene 11
2.3 Animal models of diabetes mellitus 14
2.3.1 ENU mouse mutagenesis projects 15
2.3.1.1 ENU mutagenesis 15
2.3.1.2 Munich ENU Mouse Mutagenesis Project 15
2.3.1.3 Phenotype screen for hyperglycaemic mouse lines 16
C95S2.3.2 The Munich Ins2 mutant mouse 17
2.3.2.1 Heterozygous mutant mice 17
2.3.2.2 Homozygous mutant mice 20
2.3.3 The Akita mouse 20
2.3.3.1 20
2.3.3.2 23
2.3.3.3 ER stress in the Akita mouse 23
2.3.4 Ins1 and Ins2 null mutant mice 25
2.3.4.1 Double homozygous null mutant mice 25
2.3.4.2 Single homozygous null mutant mice 26 2.4 Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) 28
2.4.1 The Endoplasmic reticulum 28
2.4.2 ER stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR) 29
2.4.2.1 Signal transduction 30
2.4.2.2 Apoptotic pathways 34
2.4.3 Diabetes mellitus and ER stress 36
2.4.3.1 Pathophysiological induction of ER stress 36
2.4.3.2 Gene alterations in animal models and men 37
2.4.3.3 Therapeutic strategies for reducing ER stress 39
2.5 Glucotoxicity and oxidative stress 39
2.5.1 Free radicals and oxidative stress 40
2.5.2 Adverse effects of hyperglycaemia-induced oxidative stress 41
2.5.3 Insulin resistance, β-cell dysfunction and β-cell apoptosis 43
2.5.3.1 Insulin resistance 43
2.5.3.2 β-cell dysfunction 45
2.5.3.3 β-cell apoptosis 47
2.5.4 Antioxidants 49
2.5.4.1 Antioxidative defence 49
2.5.4.2 Measurement of oxidative stress 50
2.5.4.3 Antioxidative treatment 52
2.6 Linkage between oxidative and ER stress 53
2.6.1 Oxidative protein folding 53
2.6.2 ER stress induces oxidative stress and vice versa 54
3 Research design and methods 56
C95S3.1 Treated male Munich Ins2 mutant and wild-type mice 56
3.1.1 Animals 56
3.1.2 Genotyping 58
3.1.3 Treatment with insulin- and placebo-pellets 62
3.1.4 Body weight 63
3.1.5 Blood glucose concentration 63
3.1.6 Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) 64
3.1.7 Insulin tolerance test and placebo-insulin tolerance test 64
3.1.7.1 Intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test (ipITT) 64 3.1.7.2 Placebo-intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test
(placebo-ipITT) 65
3.1.8 C-peptide concentration in serum and pancreas 65
3.1.8.1 Serum C-peptide concentration 65
3.1.8.2 Pancreatic C-peptide content 65
3.1.9 Serum glucagon concentration 67
3.1.10 Serum lipid peroxidation 67
3.1.11 Western blot analysis of isolated islets 67
3.1.11.1 Islet isolation 67
3.1.11.2 Islet protein content 70
3.1.11.3 Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
(SDS-PAGE) 70
3.1.11.4 Western blot analysis 72
3.1.11.5 Silver staining and drying 74
3.1.12 Organ preparation and weighing 76
3.1.12.1 Perfusion 76
3.1.12.2 Organ weight 77
3.1.12.3 Pancreas preparation 77
3.1.13 Immunohistochemistry of the pancreas 78
3.1.13.1 Glucagon, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide 78
3.1.13.2 Insulin 79
3.1.13.3 Replicating cells (BrdU) 80
3.1.13.4 Apoptotic cells (TUNEL) 81
3.1.14 Quantitative-stereological analyses 82
3.1.14.1 Pancreas volume 83
3.1.14.2 Volume density and total volume of islets, β-cells,
non- β-cells and capillaries 83
3.1.14.3 Volume density and total volume of isolated β-cells 85
3.1.14.4 β-cell replication 85
3.1.14.5 β-cell apoptosis 86
3.1.15 Transmisson Electron Microscopy (TEM) 86
3.2 C-peptide II concentration in serum and pancreas of untreated
C95Smale and female Munich Ins2 mutant and wild-type mice 88
3.3 Additional investigations of untreated male and female Munich
C95SIns2 mutant and wild-type mice 89
3.3.1 Animals 89
3.3.2 Randomly fed body weight and blood glucose concentration 89 3.3.3 Intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test (ipITT) 89
3.3.4 Serum glucagon concentration 90
3.4 Statistical analysis and data presentation 90
4 Results 91
C95S4.1 Treated male Munich Ins2 mutant and wild-type mice 91
4.1.1 Body weight 91
4.1.2 Blood glucose concentration 91
4.1.3 Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) 92
4.1.4 Insulin tolerance test and placebo-insulin tolerance test 95
4.1.4.1 Intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test (ipITT) 95
4.1.4.2 Comparison between intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test
(ipITT) and placebo-intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test
(placebo-ipITT) 96
4.1.5 Serum C-peptide concentration 98
4.1.6 Pancreatic C-peptide content 100
4.1.7 Serum glucagon concentration 100
4.1.8 Serum lipid peroxidation 101
4.1.9 Western blot analysis of isolated islets 102
4.1.9.1 BiP/actin 103
4.1.9.2 PeIF2α/actin 104
4.1.9.3 CHOP/actin 105
4.1.10 Organ weight 105
4.1.11 Qualitative-histological findings of the pancreas 107
4.1.11.1 Exocrine pancreas and pancreatic islets 107
4.1.11.2 Isolated β-cells 109
4.1.12 Quantitative-stereological findings of the pancreas 110
4.1.12.1 Total pancreas volume 110
4.1.12.2 Volume density of islets in the pancreas 110
4.1.12.3 Total islet volume 111
4.1.12.4 Volume density of β-cells in the endocrine compartment
of the islets 112
4.1.12.5 Total volume of β-cells in the islets 112
4.1.12.6 Volume density of non-β-cells in the endocrine
compartment of the islets 113
4.1.12.7 Total volume of non- β-cells in the islets 114 4.1.12.8 Volume density of capillaries in the islets 114
4.1.12.9 Total volume of capillaries in the islets 115
4.1.12.10 Volume density of isolated β-cells in the pancreas 116
4.1.12.11 Total volume of isolated β116
4.1.12.12 β-cell replication 117
4.1.12.13 β-cell apoptosis 118
4.1.13 Transmisson electron microscopy (TEM) 118
4.2 C-peptide II concentration in serum and pancreas of untreated
C95Smale and female Munich Ins2 mutant and wild-type mice 122
4.2.1 Blood glucose concentration 122
4.2.2 Serum C-peptide II concentration 123
4.2.3 C-peptide II content in the pancreas 123
4.3 Additional investigations of untreated male and female Munich
C95S Ins2 mutant and wild-type mice 124
4.3.1 Body weight 124
4.3.2 Blood glucose concentration 125
4.3.3 Intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test (ipITT) 125
4.3.4 Serum glucagon and corresponding blood glucose
concentration 128
4.3.4.1 Randomly fed serum glucagon and glucagon
concentration 10 minutes after insulin injection 128
4.3.4.2 Fasting serum glucagon and glucagon concentration
10 minutes after oral glucose application 130
5 Discussion 133
C95S5.1 Treated male Munich Ins2 mutant and wild-type mice 133
5.1.1 Glucose homeostasis 133
5.1.2 Lipid peroxidation 141
5.1.3 Islet isolation and ER stress 141
5.1.4 Qualitative-histological and quantitative-stereological analysis
of the endocrine pancreas 144
5.1.5 Electron microscopic findings in β-cells 151
5.1.6 Body and organ weights 155
5.2 C-peptide II concentration in serum and pancreas of untreated
C95Smale and female Munich Ins2 mutant and wild-type mice 157 5.3 Additional investigations of untreated male and female Munich
C95SIns2 mutant and wild-type mice 159
5.4 Summary 162
6 Perspective 164
7 Summary 165
8 Zusammenfassung 167
9 References 169
10 Appendix 198
10.1 List of abbreviations 198
10.2 Assay procedures 200
10.2.1 Radioimmunoassay (RIA) 200
10.2.1.1 C-peptide 200
10.2.1.2 Glucagon 201
10.2.2 C-peptide II ELISA 202
10.2.3 Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) 20