Modeling population dynamics and dispersion of codling moth Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) [Elektronische Ressource] / presented by Gholamhossein Gharehkhani

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• Publié par: universitat_hohenheim
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2009
• Nombre de lectures: 24
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

Modeling Population dynamics and dispersion of
Codling moth Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera,
Tortricidae)
Dissertation:
Submitted in fulflllment of the requirements for the degree " Doctor der Agrarwissenschaften"
(Dr. Sc. agr. / Ph.D. in Agricultural Science)
to the
Faculty of Agricultural Science, Hohenheim University
Presented by
Gholamhossein Gharekhani
1972 Tabriz, Iran
Hohenheim - Stuttgart
Nov. 2009This thesis was accepted as a doctoral dissertation in fulflllment of the requirements for the
degree Doktor der Agrarwissenschaften by the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences at the University
of Hohenheim on 17 Nov. 2009
Date of oral examination: 27 Nov. 2009
Examination Committee :
Supervisor and Reviewer: Prof. Dr. Dr. C. P. W. Zebitz
Co-Reviewer: Prof. Dr. A. Fangmeier
Additional Examiner: Prof. Dr. H. P. Piepho
Vice-Dean and Head of the Committee: Prof. Dr. W. Bessei
1AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED TO:
THE SOUL OF MY PARENTS
TO DEAR BROTHER
SISTERS
AND
MY WIFEi
Declaration
I declare that the thesis hereby submitted for the Ph. D. degree, is my own original research
workandhasnotbeenpreviouslybymeatanotherUniversityforanydegree.Whenever
contributions of others are involved, every efiort is made to indicate this clearly, with due refer-
ences to the literature, and acknowledgment of collaborative research and discussions. The work
was done under the guidance of Professor Dr. Dr. C. P. W. Zebitz, at the Phytomedicine Institute
of Agricultural Faculty of Hohenheim University.
Gholamhossein Gharehkhani
Date: 20.July 2009Abstract
Modeling Population dynamics and dispersion of Codling moth Cydia pomonella
(Lepidoptera, Tortricidae)
Abstract:
The study of insect dispersal plays an essential role in estimating the spread of damage caused
by a newly invaded pest or the spatial distribution of an insect during the active period in grow-
ing season. Moreover concerning dispersal, quantitative information performs a crucial role in the
evaluation and implementation of pest control.
Since rearing clean and healthy insects in su–cient numbers is the most important prerequisite
for many basic research programs and for developing pest control strategies, mass rearing of the
Codling moth on the artiflcial diet carried out as the flrst step at optimum conditions. With regard
to the fundamental function of feeding and pre-releasing handling on insect biological attributes,
weintendedtoevaluatetheindividualmarkingin uence onlongevityof Codling mothsin thenext
step. For this purpose, one day old adult male and female moths were kept three and flve minutes
–at -20 C to make them motionless, then immediately marked individually with felt tip pens and
coded by the difierent colors, maintained under optimum condition and checked daily for 13 days.
The proposed linear model accounted for 89 % of the variations. Numbing and marking process
in uenced of the moths longevity regardless of their sex while the duration of the anesthetize does
not afiect the survival of moths meaningfully.
Regarding the obstacles associated with egg and pupa storage of Codling moth, we examined
thepossibilityofadultmoth’sstorageinlowtemperatureinordertoevaluateitsefiectonlongevity
of moths. Adult 12-24 h old male and female moths were treated separately and maintained in 4
–C and (0:24 h, L:D) photoperiod during the entire adult life. The survival rate evaluated with
two days interval throughout 27 days. The efiects of day and treatment were signiflcant. It seems
that the female moths tolerate the cold condition better and further than the male moths and
live longer. Additionally the proposed models accounted for 71 % and 57 % of the variations for
male and females respectively as verifled more afiection and debility of the males by the storage
condition. Disadvantages of individual marking led us to test the mass marking and it’s in uence
on the survival of the moths. One-day-old moths were marked with uorescent powder. Mortality
of the males and females recorded daily for a 20 days period. Results indicated that the efiects of
the sex, the replications and interaction of them were signiflcant as well as the efiect of the day.
The model accounted for 96 % of the variations. This study indicated that male and female moths
werein uencedbythe uorescentpowder.Findingsofthisstudymayfacilitatetheimprovementof
mark-releaseexperimentresultsandinterpretationmorepreciselyinparticularfordispersalstudies.
In the fleld experiments, flrstly trade ofi trap structure in assessing the horizontal and vertical
distribution of Codling moth carried out as well as outward and inward dispersal. Three difierent
types of the traps including Delta pheromone traps, Delta Pear ester trap and Cylinder shape Pear
estertrapswereusedintheresearchstationoftheHohenheimUniversity.Ninetysixtrapsweresus-
pended in eight compass directions in order of four traps per direction, at three heights in randomii
arrangement in outward dispersal. In inward dispersal study the traps arrangement and number
wasthesamebutdissimilarlythereleasingsitewasfrombordersofdirectionsSW,NW,W,E,and
SE. The traps were checked daily and followed nine days after release. Results demonstrated no
signiflcant difierences between three types of traps in attracting the marked and feral females ’Fn’.
Meanwhile signiflcant dissimilarity in marked and feral male ’Mn’ catches were traced. Reaction of
the moths to the traps elevation was not similar in the vertical distribution study. whereas marked
female moths exhibited signiflcant difierences to difierent heights, marked and feral male and ’Fn’
moths revealed no difierence reaction to traps int heights.In horizontal distribution study
marked female moths ’Fr’ exhibited signiflcant difierences. It is revealed that dominant directions
for marked and feral moths were difierent. Concerning inward distribution, both marked male ’Mr’
and female demonstrated signiflcant difierences in their direction and distances. In regard to this
flndings and priceless and efiortless manufacturing of the Cylinder traps, utilization of this trap in
mark-release-recapture studies of female and male Codling moths is recommended.
Efiect of apple cultivar on pheromone and Pear ester trap e–ciency studied as the next tread.
In this experiment 32 Delta traps and 32 Cylinder-shape Pear ester traps impartially
mounted on difierent varieties of apple trees. Artiflcially reared and marked 24 to 26 h old moths
were released at 1 m height from a central point. Among the simple efiects the most important
explanatory variable for the response variables ’Mn’ and ’Fn’ moths was sampling dates of moths,
while the variety and distance from the releasing point for ’Mn’ and the variety and trap height
for ’Fn’ were the second and third in uential variables respectively. Moreover among the nested
efiects the interaction of distance-height-variety was the most in uential one for ’Mn’ likewise the
interactions of date, release point, direction and trap height with the variety were the most in-
uential for ’Fn’. For the ‘Mr‘ and ’Fr’ moths releasing date was the most important in uential
variable, while the trap type and variety for ’Mr’ and variety and trap height for the ’Fr’ were
the second and third in uential variables respectively. Current study revealed that dispersal of the
feral and marked-released male and female Codling moths in uenced by host cultivars distinctly
and decidedly. Meanwhile, quantifying these relationships and propose distinct model for marked
and feral male and female moths are the exclusive characteristics of present flndings.
The next stage of present study related to study of climatic factors on dispersal of Codling
moth. In this study, Hohenheim station climatic data were used. Several climatic elements includ-
ing temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, wind speed in two difierent heights (2.5 m and
10 m), Day Degree, twilight temperature, wind speed and precipitation were utilized in the analy-
sis. Diversity and high number of variables led us to use AIC method for selecting of appropriate
regressors and fltted model. The main regressors that in uenced the ’Fr’ were ight height, ageing,
twilight wind speed (2.5 m heights) and precipitation. For the ’Mr’ the same regressors plus the
distance from the releasing point were the best subset. In the case of the feral moths the ight
height, relative humidity, Day Degree, twilight temperature and wind speed were the best subset
regressors. Comprehensively we concluded that present study provides new knowledge in basic as
well as in applied science. Twilight temperature, rainfall, wind speed and Day Degree impress the
distribution of the moths in a superior way than the circadian weather data. This knowledge could
mitigate confusion which arises from observations of erratic ight patterns and could lead to fewer
treatment decision errors in the future. Also may accelerate and strengthen forecasting programs
of this key pest as well as the related management tactics.iii
Thecombinationofmark-release-recaptureanddifiusionmodelshavebeenshowntobeefiective
for measuring insect dispersal. We attempted to measure the Codling moth dispersal using traps
placed at difierent distances and heights. Difiusion coe–cient calculated for horizontal and vertical
dispersalofmaleandfemalemothsdistinctlyusingdirectandindirectmethodsandresultingmod-
els were compared. We fltted the non-linear regression us