Molecular and functional analysis of the ERAD effector VCP in cellular and Drosophila models for retinitis pigmentosa [Elektronische Ressource] / Ana Griciuc

Ana.Griciuc

Sujets

• Biologie

Informations

• Publié par: technische_universitat_munchen
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 18
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 5 Mo

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TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT MÜNCHEN
Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Genetik





Molecular and functional analysis of the ERAD
effector VCP in cellular and Drosophila models
for retinitis pigmentosa





Ana Griciuc






Vollständiger Abdruck der von der Fakultät Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für
Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt der Technischen Universität München zur
Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines

Doktors der Naturwissenschaften


genehmigten Dissertation.



Vorsitzender: Univ.-Prof. Dr. S. Scherer

Prüfer der Dissertation: 1. apl. Prof. Dr. J. Adamski
2. Univ.-Prof. Dr. D. Langosch
3. Univ.-Prof. Dr. M. Ueffing
(Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen)


Die Dissertation wurde am 27.04.2010 bei der Technischen Universität eingereicht und
durch die Fakultät Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung
und Umwelt am 24.07.2010 angenommen.






































































To my dear parents Lidia and Ion



































































Table of contents

Abbreviations 1
Summary 5 Zusammenfassung 7

I. INTRODUCTION 9

Part one: The physiology and pathophysiology of Rhodopsin: Visual processing and 11
retinitis pigmentosa
1.1 Vision in vertebrates and flies 11
1.1.1 The vertebrate retina 12
1.1.2 The Drosophila retina 12
1.2 Visual processing by vertebrate photoreceptor neurons 14
1.2.1 Vertebrate photoreceptor neurons 14
1.2.2 The visual transduction cascade 15
1.3 Retinitis pigmentosa: clinical and pathological features 17
1.4 Genetics of retinitis pigmentosa 18
1.4.1 Overview of genetic complexity in retinitis pigmentosa 19
1.4.2 Autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa caused by Rhodopsinmutations 21
P23H 1.4.3 Retinitis pigmentosa caused by Rh mutations 23
1.5 Cellular models of retinitis pigmentosa 24
1.6 Rodent models of retinitis pigmentosa 25
1.7 Drosophila models of retinitis pigmentosa27
P37H 1.7.1 The Rh1 model of retinitis pigmentosa 28
1.8 Mechanisms of photoreceptor cell death in retinitis pigmentosa 28
Part two: ER quality control and the ERAD effector VCP 32
A. ER quality control, ERAD and ER stress: mechanisms and impairment in disease 32
2.1 Overview of ER quality control 32
2.2 ERAD molecular machinery and ubiquitin proteasome system 33
2.3 Pathways activated during ER stress: relevance and mechanisms 39
2.4 Imbalanced ERAD and human disease 41
B. The ERAD effector VCP: biochemistry, genetics, pathology 42
2.5 VCP structure and cofactors 42
2.6 VCP is a major ERAD effector 44
2.7 ERAD-independent functions of VCP 45
2.8 VCP and human disease 46
2.9 Fine control of VCP/ERAD activity is required to avoid pathology 47
2.10 Disturbed quality control and ER stress as a cause for retinitis pigmentosa? 47
2.11 Aims of the study 48




II. RESULTS 49

P23H Part one: Clearance of Rh aggregates requires the ERAD effector VCP 51
P23H 1.1 VCP co-localizes with misfolded Rh in vitro 51
1.2 VCP forms a complex with Rh aggregates 54
1.3 Proteasome inactivation enhances the interaction between VCP and misfolded Rh 56
1.4 VCP interaction with misfolded Rh requires its ND1 domains 57
1.5 VCP is required for degradation of misfolded Rh 58
1.6 D2 ATPase activity of VCP is required for degradation of misfolded Rh 60
1.7 Effect of Rh misfolding and of VCP expression on SK-N-SH cell viability 63
P37H Part two: Genetic inactivation of VCP suppresses Rh1 -induced retinal pathology 65
in Drosophila
P37H 2.1 Rh1 -mediated degeneration is light- and age-dependent 65
P37H 2.2 Loss of mature Rh1 in Rh1 flies 68
P37H 2.3 Endogenous Rh1 is required for Rh1 toxicity 69
P37H 2.4 VCP is required in vivo for clearance of misfolded Rh1 70
P37H 2.5 Partial VCP inactivation restores mature Rh1 levels in Rh1 flies 72
P37H 2.6 Increased activation of the Ire1/Xbp1 UPR pathway in Rh1 flies with decreased 74
VCP function
2.7 Partial VCP inactivation increases the activation of the Ire1/Xbp1 pathway in 76
G69D G69D GMR/UAS-Rh1 and Rh1 flies
P37H 2.8 VCP inactivation suppresses first signs of retinal degeneration in Rh1 flies 78
P37H 2.9 Suppression of Rh1 -induced retinal degeneration by VCP loss-of-function alleles 79
P37H 2.10 Dramatic suppression of the Rh1 -mediated retinal degeneration after pharmacological 81
inhibition of the VCP/ERAD/proteasome axis
P37H 2.11 Partial VCP inactivation restores visual processing in Rh1 flies 83
P37H 2.12 Blindness in Rh1 flies is rescued in a VCP hypomorphic background 85
2.13 VCP inactivation rescues the retinal pathology induced by a second class II Rhodopsin 86
D1 mutant, Rh1

III. DISCUSSION 89

1. The ERAD effector VCP co-localizes and interacts with misfolded Rh in vitro 92
2. VCP is required for clearance of misfolded Rh in vitro and in vivo 94
3. Dramatic retinal degeneration and blindness are triggered by misfolded Rh in a light- and 98
age-dependent manner in Drosophila
WT 4. Endogenous Rh is recruited by misfolded Rh into aggregates 99
P37H 4.1 Misfolded Rh1 forms aggregates in Drosophila 100
P37H 4.2 The endogenous Rh1 is required for Rh1 toxicity 101
P37H 5. Dramatic rescue of blindness in Rh1 flies by decreasing VCP activity 102
P37H 6. Upregulation of the Ire1/Xbp1 pathway might be protective in the Rh1 retina 103
P37H 7. Potential pro-apoptotic effects of the VCP/ERAD/proteasome axis in the Rh1 retina 104
8. How does decreased VCP/ERAD/proteasome activity prevent photoreceptor neuron cell 107
P37H death in the Rh1 retina?
P23H 9. Interaction between misfolded Rh , VCP activity, aging and light exposure might cause 111
retinitis pigmentosa
10. Manipulation of Rh proteostasis via VCP/ERAD/proteasome axis as a therapeutic strategy 111
P23H for Rh -linked RP?
11. Perspectives 113
11.1 Ongoing and planned experiments 113
11.2 Towards differential (personalized) and integrative (multi-target) treatments of 113
retinitis pigmentosa?

IV. MATERIALS AND METHODS 115

A. Materials 117
A.1 Chemicals, reagents, commercial kits and enzymes 117
A.2 Consumable materials 118
A.3 Equipment 119
A.4 Oligonucleotides 120
A.5 Plasmids and constructs 121
A.6 Antibodies 122
A.7 Cell lines and bacteria 123
A.8 Media, buffers and standard solutions 123
A.8.1 Media and antibiotics for bacterial culture 123
A.8.2 Media and supplements for cell culture 124
A.8.3 Fly food 124
A.8.4 Buffers and standard solutions 124
A.8.5. Solutions and buffers for biochemistry, Western Blotting and histology 125
A.9 Fly stocks 127
A.10 Software and databases 128
B. Methods 129
B.1 Molecular biology 129
B.1.1 E. coli cultures 129
B.1.2 Chemical transformation of competent E. coli 129
B.1.3 Preparation of plasmid DNA 129
B.1.4 Enzymatic treatment of DNA 129
B.1.5 Agarose gel electrophoresis 130
B.1.6 DNA purification 130
B.1.7 DNA sequencing 130
B.1.8 Polymerase chain reaction 131
B.1.9 DNA cloning 131
B.1.10 Site-directed mutagenesis 133
B.1.11 Generation of VCP constructs 133
B.2 Analysis of mammalian cell cultures 134
B.2.1 Maintenance of mammalian cell cultures 134
B.2.2 Treatment and coating of coverslips 134
B.2.3 Transient transfection of mammalian cell cultures 134
B.2.4 Rh degradation and proteasome inhibition assay 135 B.2.5 Cell lysis 136
B.2.6 Lactate dehydrogenase assay 136
B.2.7 Immunofluorescence microscopy 136
B.2.8 Quantification of average levels of intracellular Rh aggregates 137
B.3 Protein chemistry and Western Blotting