Monitoring large conservation areas with imaging spectroscopy [Elektronische Ressource] : combining discrete and non-discrete approaches / Carola Weiß

Carola Weiss

Informations

• Publié par: ludwig-maximilians-universitat_munchen
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2008
• Nombre de lectures: 5
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 23 Mo

Extrait

Monitoring Large Conservation
Areas with Imaging Spectroscopy:
Combining Discrete and
Non-discrete Approaches
Carola Wei
Munchen 2008Monitoring Large Conservation
Areas with Imaging Spectroscopy:
Combining Discrete and
Non-discrete Approaches
Carola Wei
Dissertation
der Fakult at fur Geowissenschaften
der Ludwig{Maximilians{Universit at
Munc hen
vorgelegt von
Carola Wei
aus Munc hen
Munc hen, den 14. April 20081. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Friedrich Wieneke
2.hter: Prof. Dr. Ralf Ludwig
3. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Sebastian Schmidtlein
Tag der Disputation: 26. Juni 2008Contents
List of Figures x
List of Tables xi
Abbreviations xiii
Summary xv
Zusammenfassung xxi
1 Monitoring Large Conservation Areas 1
1.1 The Commitment of the FFH-Directive . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 The Continuum Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Combining Discrete and Non-discrete Approaches . . . . . . . 2
2 Mapping Natural and Semi-natural Vegetation 5
2.1 Habitat Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 Plant Communities versus Continuum Concept . . . . . . . . 6
2.3 Imaging Spectroscopy for Vegetation Mapping . . . . . . . . . 8
3 The Murnauer Moos 13
3.1 Genesis and Geologic, Pedologic, and Climatic Realities . . . . 14
3.2 Fauna, Flora and Habitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.3 Utilisation and Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4 Materials and Methods 19
4.1 Scene Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.1.1 Preprocessing Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.1.2 Radiance Log Transformation and Band Selection . . . 22
4.2 Vegetation Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.2.1 Sampling Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.2.2 Vegetation Period 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23vi CONTENTS
4.2.3 Vegetation Period 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.2.4 Extracting Spectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.3 Ordination and its Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.3.1 Indirect Ordination in Reduced Space . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.3.2 NMS - Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling . . . . . . 33
4.3.3 PLS Regression Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.3.4 Constructing Borderless Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.4 Classi cation and its Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.4.1 Vegetation Classi cation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.4.2 Pixelbased Supervised Image Classi cation . . . . . . . 40
4.5 Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.5.1 Complementary Analysis: Constructing Colour Legends 48
4.5.2 Combining Discrete and Non-discrete Approaches . . . 49
5 Results 51
5.1 Ordination and its Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5.1.1 Ordination Results: NMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5.1.2 PLS Regression Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
5.1.3 Constructing Borderless Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
5.2 Classi cation and its Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
5.2.1 Phytosociological Classi cation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
5.2.2 Sociation Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
5.2.3 Delineation of Fauna-Flora-Habitats . . . . . . . . . . 80
5.2.4 Image Classi cation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
5.3 Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
5.3.1 Complementary Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
5.3.2 Synthesis Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
6 Discussion and Outlook 105
6.1 Data Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
6.2 Ordination and its Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
6.3 Classi cation and its . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
6.4 Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
6.5 Usage for Conservancy Purposes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Bibliography 117
A Tables 141
A.1 MRPP: Tests on homogeneity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
A.2 NMS Axis Scores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
A.2.1 Data 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147CONTENTS vii
A.2.2 Data 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
A.3 Plot Header Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
A.4 Vegetation Classi cation Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
A.4.1 Phytosociology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
A.4.2 Sociation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
A.4.3 Fauna-Flora-Habitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
B Synthesis Maps 157
Acknowledgements 159viii CONTENTSList of Figures
2.1 Characteristic sample spectra of green vegetation . . . . . . . 9
3.1 The Murnauer Moos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.2 Mining at Langer K ochel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.1 The project’s work ow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.2 The raw image data before and after preprocessing . . . . . . 21
4.3 Systematic sampling raster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.4 Sampling grids of 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.5 Subplot design 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.6 Map of ISODATA strata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.7 Strati ed random sampling design of 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.8 Extracting spectra 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.9 Red-green colour space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.10 Sample MSD spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.11 ISD spectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.12 Sample RMSE matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.13 BRSD spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5.1 Stress values of NMS ordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
5.2 NMS ordination scatterplot of the subarea 2004 north. . . . . 53
5.3 Species cover values I, NMS 2004 north . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.4 Species cover values II, NMS 2004 north . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
5.5 NMS ordination scatterplot of the subarea 2004 south. . . . . 57
5.6 Species cover values, NMS 2004 south . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
5.7 NMS ordination scatterplot of the subarea 2005 . . . . . . . . 59
5.8 Species cover values - NMS 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5.9 Colour composites of regression models of 2004 and 2005 . . . 64
5.10 Disposition of communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
5.11 Photos of Phragmitetalia communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
5.12 of the Molinietum caeruleae, and of the Molinia-Stadium 72x LIST OF FIGURES
5.13 Photos of species of the Sphagnion magellanici communities . 74
5.14 of Molinia caer., Trichophorum cesp., and Calluna vulg. 79
5.15 Map of degraded raised bogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
5.16 Photos of depressions on peat substrates . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
5.17 of species of alkaline fens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
5.18 Vegetation type polygons of the subarea 2004 north . . . . . . 89
5.19 V type p of the 2004 south . . . . . . 90
5.20 Vegetation type polygons of the subarea 2005 . . . . . . . . . 91
5.21 Results of image classi cation: phytosoc. vegetation types . . 92
5.22 Spectral di erentiability between phytosociological types . . . 93
5.23 Results of image sociation vegetation types . . . 94
5.24 Spectral di erentiability between sociation vegetation types . . 94
5.25 Results of image classi cation: Fauna-Flora-Habitat types . . 96
5.26 Spectral di erentiability between sociation vegetation types . . 96
5.27 Complementary analysis of the subarea 2004 north . . . . . . 98
5.28tary of the 2004 south . . . . . . 99
5.29tary analysis of the subarea 2005 . . . . . . . . . . 101
5.30 Detail Synthesis maps, subarea 2004 north . . . . . . . . . . . 103
6.1 Fractions of vegetation types within ISODATA strata . . . . . 107
A.1 Header Data 2004 north . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
A.2 Data 2004 south . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
A.3 Header Data 2005 I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
A.4 Data 2005 II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154