Mutational dynamics and phylogenetic utility of plastid introns and spacers in early branching eudicots [Elektronische Ressource] / von Anna-Magdalena Barniske

Lehrstuhl Neinhuis

Informations

• Publié par: technische_universitat_dresden
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2009
• Nombre de lectures: 15
• Langue: English

Extrait

Mutational dynamics and phylogenetic utility of plastid
introns and spacers in early branching eudicots

Dissertation


zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades

Doctor rerum naturalium
(Dr. rer. nat.)

vorgelegt

der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät
der Technischen Universität Dresden

von


Dipl.-Biol. Anna-Magdalena Barniske


geboren am 19. März 1976 in Halle/Saale


Eingereicht am 26.10.2009
Verteidigt am 16.12.2009


Die Dissertation wurde in der Zeit von 02/2005 bis
10/2009 im Institut für Botanik angefertigt




























1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Christoph Neinhuis, Dresden
2. rof. Dr. Dietmar Quandt, Bonn



2


to my grandmother






























3Table of contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 5
INTRODUCTION 6
IION – THE EARLY-DIVERGING EUDICOTS 6
MATERIAL, METHODS & RELATED DISCUSSION 9
RESULTS & DISCUSSION 12
CONCLUSIONS 15
CHAPTER 1 16
CORROBORATING THE BRANCHING ORDER AMONG EUDICOTS: TESTING FOR
PHYLOGENETIC SIGNAL AMONG CHLOROPLAST INTRONS AND SPACERS 16
1.1 ABSTRACT 17
1.2 INTRODUCTION 18
1.3 MATERIAL AND METHODS 21
1.4 RESULTS 36
1.5 DISCUSSION 45
1.5.1 Relationships among early-diverging eudicots 45
1.5.2 Testing hypotheses of a unique genome history with parsimony, Bayesian and likelihood
approaches 49
1.5.3 Molecular evolution of genomic regions studied 51
1.5.4 Phylogentic structure 58
1.6 CONCLUSIONS 63
1.7 APPENDICES 65
CHAPTER 2 76
RESOLVING THE BACKBONE OF THE FIRST DIVERGING EUDICOT ORDER: THE
RANUNCULALES 76
2.1 ABSTRACT 77
2.2 INTRODUCTION 77
2.3 MATERIAL AND METHODS 80
2.4 RESULTS 83
2.5 DISCUSSION 91
CHAPTER 3 101
PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS AMONG ANEMONE, PULSATILLA, HEPATICA AND
CLEMATIS (RANUNCULACEAE) 101
3.1 ABSTRACT 102
3.2 INTRODUCTION 102
3.3 MATERIAL AND METHODS 104
3.4 RESULTS & DISCUSSION 113
3.4.1 Sequence variability 113
3.4.2 Phylogeny of the tribe Anemoneae 115
3.4.3 Phytogeographical aspects within the subtribe Anemoninae 125
REFERENCES 127
CURRICULUM VITAE 147
PUBLICATION LIST 149
VERSICHERUNG 150

4Acknowledgements

This thesis wouldn’t have been possible without the support and interaction of several
persons, first of all Prof. Dr. Dietmar Quandt and Prof. Dr. Christoph Neinhuis. Prof.
Quandt gave me the opportunity to participate in his project on the evolution of early-
diverging eudicots. He supported me in taking delight in a subject new to me. Prof.
Neinhuis has offered me the opportunity to be a part of his research group and to conduct
the work not only in a modern well-equipped laboratory but also in a warm atmosphere.
Both encouraged, supported and helped me especially in difficult situations.

Furthermore I like to thank Prof. Dr. Thomas Borsch, Prof. Dr. Kai Müller, Andreas
Worberg, in particular Karsten Salomo and everyone from the eudicots-evolutionary-
research group for all kind of help including support in the laboratory or with calculations
when needed and proof reading as well as many helpful discussions.

I whish to express my gratitude to the Botanical Garden Dresden in particular the
custodian Dr. Barbara Ditsch, for providing fresh plant material in an incomplex way.
Further supply of plant material from various colleagues as well as the Botanical Gardens
Bonn, Ghent and Talca is gratefully acknowledged.
Additionally I want to warmly thank the whole plant phylogenetics working group who
made my work much more pleasant. I enjoyed being a member of this group and
benefited a lot from working with the colleagues. My special thanks to Ursula Arndt and
Sylvi Malcher for taking care of the official tasks, Volker Buchbender, Dr. Sanna Olsson
and Lars Symmank for many fruitful and motivating discussions as well as Dr. Stefan
Wanke for his support.

Above all I thank my family and friends for supporting and encouraging me over the
years.

This thesis was embedded in the project „Mutational dynamics of non-coding genomic
regions and their potential for reconstructing evolutionary relationships in eudicots“
(grants BO1815/2 and QU153/2) supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.
The funding of the project is kindly acknowledged.
5Introduction

Introduction – The early-diverging eudicots

During the last twenty years major progress has been made towards a better understanding
of phylogenetic relationships among angiosperms. An early broad-scale molecular-
phylogenetic analysis on the basis of rbcL sequence data (Chase & al., 2003; compare
Figure 1) clearly revealed three major groups, with eudicots as well as monocots being
monophyletic, arisen from a paraphyletic group of “basal” dicotyledonous angiosperms.
A number of molecular investigations have consistently recovered the eudicotyledonous
clade and increased confidence in its existence (e.g. Savolainen & al., 2000a; Qui & al.,
2000; Soltis & al., 2000; Hilu & al., 2003; Kim & al., 2004).With about 200,000 species
the eudicot clade contains the vast majority of angiosperm species diversity (Drinnan &
al., 1994). As they are characterised by the possession of tricolpate and tricolpate-derived
pollen the eudicots have also been called the tricolpate clade (Donoghue & Doyle, 1989).
Based on the use of sequence data several lineages, such as Ranunculales, Proteales,
Sabiaceae, Buxaceae plus Didymelaceae, and Trochodendraceae plus Tetracentraceae
were identified as belonging to the early-diverging eudicots (= “basal eudicots”), while
larger groups like asterids, Caryophyllales, rosids, Santalales, and Saxifragales were
revealed as being members of a highly supported core clade, the so called “core eudicots”
(Chase & al., 1993; Savolainen & al., 2000b; Soltis & al., 2000; 2003; Hilu & al., 2003;
Worberg & al., 2007). Furthermore Gunnerales were shown to be the first-branching
lineage within core eudicots, having a sistergroup relationship with the remainder of the
clade (e.g. Soltis & al., 2003; Worberg & al., 2007).
However, the exact branching order among the several lineages of the eudicots remained
difficult to resolve. This thesis is to a great extent concentrated on resolving relationships
among the different clades of the early-branching eudicots as well as on clarifying
phylogenetic conditions inside distinct lineages, based on phylogenetic reconstructions
using sequence data of fast-evolving and non-coding molecular regions.
6

Figure 1: Phylogeny of seed plants based on rbcL sequence data taken from Chase & al. (1993). The three
major groups of angiosperms are shaded in colour: “basal” dicotyledonous angiosperms (green), monocots
(blue), eudicots (brown).

Chapter 1 deals with the placement of Sabiales and Proteales within the “basal” eudicot
grade by analyzing a set of nine regions including spacers, group I and group II introns
plus the coding matK from the large single copy region of the chloroplast genome. Up to
now, five different coding regions have been used for reconstructing relationships within
the early-diverging eudicots. Analysis of the plastid rbcL and atpB alone and in
combination resulted in the recognition of all lineages (e.g. Chase & al., 1993; Savolainen
& al., 2000a), albeit statistical support for their respective placements was not evident.
However, close relations of the herbaceous Nelumbonaceae and the woody Platanaceae
and Proteaceae emerged. The addition of the nuclear 18S (Hoot & al., 1999; Soltis & al.,
2000) and the 26S, completing a four-gene analyses by Kim et al. (2004), resulted in
improved support for most terminal clades, recovering the first-branching position of
Ranunculales, while the respective placements of clades still needed to be verified. A
similar hypothesis was yielded through the application of the rapidly evolving plastid
matK gene (Hilu & al., 2003), additionally hinting on a sistergroup relationship of
7Buxaceae and core eudicots. Worberg & al. (2007) combined the complete matK with
four non-coding markers from the plastome in their analyses and were thus able to present
a highly supported grade of Ranunculales, Sabiales (=Sabiaceae), Proteales (consisting of
Nelumbonaceae, Platanaceae and Proteaceae), Trochodendrales (including
Trochodendraceae and Tetracentraceae) and Buxales (Buxaceae plus Didymelaceae). As
the only exception the position of Sabiales was only moderately supported or differed in
model-based approaches, respectively. Thus the placement of Sabiales still remained to be
cleared up with confidence. This difficult