Nonaqueous synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles and their assembly into mesoporous materials [Elektronische Ressource] / von Jianhua Ba
134 pages
English

Nonaqueous synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles and their assembly into mesoporous materials [Elektronische Ressource] / von Jianhua Ba

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134 pages
English
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Description

Aus dem Max-Planck-Institute für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung Abteilung Kolloidchemie Nonaqueous Syntheses of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Assembly into Mesoporous Materials Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades "doctor rerum naturalium" (Dr. rer. nat.) in der Wissenschaftsdisziplin "Kolloidchemie" eingereicht an der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Potsdam von Jianhua Ba Potsdam, im Juni 2006 给我最最亲爱的爸爸妈妈 给我最爱的晓菡 Nonaqueous Syntheses of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Assembly into Mesoporous Materials Jianhua Ba Abstract This thesis mainly consist of two parts, the synthesis of several kinds of technologically interesting crystalline metal oxide nanoparticles via nonaqueous sol-gel process and the formation of mesoporous metal oxides using some of these nanoparticles as building blocks and amphiphilic block copolymer as template via evaporation induced self-assembly (EISA) technique. In the first part, the experimental procedures and characterization results of successful syntheses of crystalline tin oxide and tin doped indium oxide (ITO) nanoparticles are reported. SnO nanoparticles exhibit monodisperse particle size (3.5 nm in average), 2high crystallinity and particularly high dispersibility in THF, which enable them to become the ideal particulate precursor for the formation of mesoporous SnO .

Informations

Publié par
Publié le 01 janvier 2006
Nombre de lectures 13
Langue English
Poids de l'ouvrage 5 Mo

Extrait

Aus dem Max-Planck-Institute für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung
Abteilung Kolloidchemie




Nonaqueous Syntheses of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
and
Their Assembly into Mesoporous Materials










Dissertation
zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades
"doctor rerum naturalium"
(Dr. rer. nat.)
in der Wissenschaftsdisziplin "Kolloidchemie"









eingereicht an der
Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät
der Universität Potsdam




von
Jianhua Ba





Potsdam, im Juni 2006



给我最最亲爱的爸爸妈妈

给我最爱的晓菡 Nonaqueous Syntheses of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles and
Their Assembly into Mesoporous Materials
Jianhua Ba

Abstract

This thesis mainly consist of two parts, the synthesis of several kinds of
technologically interesting crystalline metal oxide nanoparticles via nonaqueous sol-
gel process and the formation of mesoporous metal oxides using some of these
nanoparticles as building blocks and amphiphilic block copolymer as template via
evaporation induced self-assembly (EISA) technique.

In the first part, the experimental procedures and characterization results of successful
syntheses of crystalline tin oxide and tin doped indium oxide (ITO) nanoparticles are
reported. SnO nanoparticles exhibit monodisperse particle size (3.5 nm in average), 2
high crystallinity and particularly high dispersibility in THF, which enable them to
become the ideal particulate precursor for the formation of mesoporous SnO . ITO 2
nanoparticles possess uniform particle morphology, narrow particle size distribution
(5-10 nm), high crystallinity as well as high electrical conductivity.

The synthesis approaches and characterization of various mesoporous metal oxides,
including TiO , SnO , mixture of CeO and TiO , mixture of BaTiO and SnO , are 2 2 2 2 3 2
reported in the second part of this thesis. Mesoporous TiO and SnO are presented as 2 2
highlights of this part. Mesoporous TiO was produced in the forms of both films and 2
bulk material. In the case of mesoporous SnO , the study was focused on the high 2
order of the porous structure. All these mesoporous metal oxides show high
crystallinity, high surface area and rather monodisperse pore sizes, which demonstrate
the validity of EISA process and the usage of preformed crystalline nanoparticles as
nanobuilding blocks (NBBs) to produce mesoporous metal oxides.

Nichtwässrige Synthese von Metalloxid-Nanopartikeln
und
Deren Anordnung zu Mesoporösen Materialien
Jianhua Ba

Zusammenfassung

Diese Arbeit besteht hauptsächlich aus zwei Teilen. Der erste Teil befasst sich mit der
Synthese von mehreren technologisch wichtigen, kristallinen Metalloxid-Nanopartikeln
mittels nichtwässriger Sol-Gel Chemie. Der zweite Teil beinhaltet die Herstellung von
mesoporösen Metalloxiden. Dabei wurden ausgewählte Nanopartikel als Bausteine verwendet
und durch langsames Verdampfen des Lösungsmittels in die entsprechenden porösen
Strukturen überführt.

Das experimentelle Vorgehen wie auch die Charakterisierung der erfolgreich hergestellten
Zinnoxid- und Indiumzinnoxid-Nanopartikel sind im ersten Teil beschrieben. Die Zinnoxid-
Nanpartikel zeichnen sich durch einheitliche Partikelgrösse (im Durchschnitt ca. 3.5 nm),
hoher Kristallinität, und guter Dispergierbarkeit in Tetrahydrofuran aus. Diese Eigenschaften
machen aus den Zinnoxid-Nanopartikeln die perfekten Bausteine für den Aufbau von
mesoporösem Zinnoxid. Die Indiumzinnoxid-Nanopartikel haben eine einheitliche
Partikelform, eine schmale Grösseverteilung (5-10 nm), hohe Kristallinität wie auch gute
elektrische Leitfähigkeit.

Die Synthese und Charakterisierung von verschiedenen mesoporösen Metalloxiden wie TiO , 2
SnO , Mischungen von CeO und TiO , wie auch Mischungen von BaTiO und SnO werden 2 2 2 3 2
im zweiten Teil der Arbeit diskutiert. Mesoporöses TiO und SnO werden als besonders 2 2
gelungene Beispiele herausgehoben. Mesoporöses TiO wurde in Form von Dünnfilmen wie 2
auch als Bulkmaterial hergestellt. Im Falle von SnO galt das Augenmerk vor allem der hohen 2
Ordnung der Mesoporen. Alle diese mesoporösen Materialien zeigen eine hohe Kristallinität,
grosse Oberfläche und relativ einheitliche Porengrössen. Diese Eigenschaften unterstreichen,
wie wertvoll der Ansatz ist, vorgeformte Nanopartikel als Bausteine für die Synthese von
porösen Materialien zu verwenden.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction .........................................................................1
1.1 Nanoscience and Nanotechnology ....................................................................1
1.2 Synthesis of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles...........................................................2
1.3 Synthesis of Mesoporous Materials ..................................................................6
References...............................................................................................................9

Chapter 2 Analytical Methods............................................................10
2.1 Main Analytical Methods................................................................................10
2.1.1 X-ray Analysis.......................................................................................10
2.1.1.1 Basis of X-rays............................................................................10
2.1.1.2 Bragg’s Law11
2.1.1.3 Wide Angle X-ray Scattering (WAXS) .......................................12
2.1.1.4 Small angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) ........................................13
2.1.2 Electron Microscopy .............................................................................14
2.1.2.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM).................................14
2.1.2.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) .......................................15
2.1.3 Characterization of Porosity..................................................................16
2.2 Experimental Details of Samples Characterization.........................................18
2.2.1 X-ray measurements..............................................................................18
2.2.2 Transm...........................................18
2.2.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) .................................................19
2.2.4 Nitrogen Adsorption Experiments ........................................................19
2.2.5 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS).............................................19
2.2.6 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) .....................................................20
2.2.7 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Analysis ....................................20
2.2.8 Analytical Ultracentrifugation (AUC)...................................................20
References.............................................................................................................20

Chapter 3 Nonaqueous Syntheses of Crystalline Metal Oxide
Nanoparticles...........................................................................................21
3.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................21
3.2 Nonaqueous synthesis of SnO nanocrystals ..................................................23 2
3.2.1 Experimental .........................................................................................24
3.2.1.1 Synthesis of SnO Nanoparticle Sols ..........................................24 2
3.2.1.2 Characterization ..........................................................................25
3.2.2 Results and Discussion25
3.2.3 Reaction Mechanism of Nonaqueous Synthesis of SnO Nanoparticles2
........................................................................................................................27

3.2.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................29
3.3 Nonaqueous and Halide-free Synthesis of Tin Doped Indium Oxide
Nanocrystals..........................................................................................................29
3.3.1 Experimental .........................................................................................33
3.3.1.1 Synthesis of ITO nanoparticles ...................................................33
3.3.1.2 Characterizations.........................................................................33
3.3.2 Results and Discussion..........................................................................34
3.3.2.1 As-synthesized ITO Nanoparticles..............................................34
3.3.2.2 ITO Nanoparticles in dependence on the reaction time..............46
3.3.3 Reaction Mechanism of Nonaqueous Synthesis of ITO Nanoparticles 55
3.3.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................57
3.4 Experiments towards the Solvothermal Synthesis of YBCO Superconductor58
3

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