One learns by experience [Elektronische Ressource] : a life-span view on learning and error processing / vorgelegt von Benjamin Eppinger

Ncc Lab

Sujets

• Psychologie

Informations

• Publié par: universitat_des_saarlandes
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2008
• Nombre de lectures: 12
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 3 Mo

Extrait

One learns by experience
A Life-span View on Learning and Error Processing



Dissertation
zur Erlangung des Grades eines
Doktors der Philosophie
der Philosophischen Fakultäten
der Universität des Saarlandes

vorgelegt von

Benjamin Eppinger
aus Sindelfingen



Saarbrücken, 2008






Dekan:
Prof. Dr. Rainer Krause, Universität des Saarlandes
Berichterstatter:
Prof. Dr. J. Kray, Universität des Saarlandes
Prof. Dr. G. Kerkhoff, Universität des Saarlandes

Tag der Disputation: 20. 02. 2008



















II

To Emilia and Caramel, my beloved monsters in heaven. I miss you.
























III
Overview
I Theoretical Part........................................................................................................... 9
1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 9
2. Literature Review .......................................................................................................... 11
2.1 Overview................................................................................................................. 11
2.2 The Neurophysiological Basis of Reinforcement Learning....................................... 11
2.2.1 A Historical View on and a Definition of Reinforcement Learning................. 11
2.2.2 The Role of Dopamine for Reinforcement Learning ..................................... 13
2.2.3 Dopaminergic Projections to the Basal Ganglia ........................................... 16
2.2.4 Dopaminergic Projections to the Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) ............................ 18
2.2.5 Age-related Changes in the Dopamine System across the Lifespan............ 20
2.2.6 Summary ..................................................................................................... 25
2.3 Neuropsychological Theories of Error Processing ................................................... 27
2.3.1 Theoretical Accounts to the Error-Related Negativity (ERN) ........................ 27
2.3.2 Theoretical Accounts to the Feedback-Related Negativity (FRN)................. 30
2.3.3 Age-related Changes in Error Processing across the Lifespan .................... 31
2.3.4 Summary ..................................................................................................... 35
2.4 The Reinforcement Learning (R-L) Theory of the ERN............................................ 36
2.5 A Computational Account to Altered Error Processing in Older Age........................ 38
2.6 Synopsis ................................................................................................................. 39
II Empirical part .............................................................................................................. 42
3 Experiment 1.................................................................................................................. 42
3.1 Statements of Problem............................................................................................ 42
3.2 Design..................................................................................................................... 42
3.3 Hypotheses ............................................................................................................. 43
3.4 Method.................................................................................................................... 44
IV
3.5 Results ................................................................................................................... 50
3.5.1 Accuracy Data............................................................................................ 50
3.5.2 ERP Data ................................................................................................... 52
3.6 Summary ................................................................................................................ 63
4 Experiment 2 ................................................................................................................. 65
4.1 Statements of Problem ........................................................................................... 65
4.2 Design .................................................................................................................... 66
4.3 Hypotheses ............................................................................................................ 66
4.4 Method ................................................................................................................... 67
4.5 Results ................................................................................................................... 72
4.5.1 Accuracy Data............................................................................................ 72
4.5.2 ERP Data ................................................................................................... 74
4.6 Summary ................................................................................................................ 83
5 Interim Discussion........................................................................................................ 85
5.1 Accuracy Data ........................................................................................................ 86
5.2 Response-locked ERPs.......................................................................................... 89
5.3 Feedback-locked ERPs .......................................................................................... 92
6 Experiment 3 ................................................................................................................. 96
6.1 Statements of Problem ........................................................................................... 96
6.2 An Alternative Account to Reinforcement Learning................................................. 97
6.3 Hypotheses ............................................................................................................ 100
6.4 Methods.................................................................................................................. 101
6.5 Results ................................................................................................................... 108
6.5.1 Accuracy Data............................................................................................ 108
6.5.2 ERP Data ................................................................................................... 112
6.6 Summary and Discussion ....................................................................................... 123


V
III General Discussion .....................................................................................................135
7 Discussion .....................................................................................................................135
7.1 Age differences in Reinforcement Learning across the Lifespan .............................136
7.2 Processing of Internal Error Information ..................................................................141
7.3 Processing of External Error Information.................................................................151
8 Conclusion.....................................................................................................................160
9 Appendix........................................................................................................................163
10 Zusammenfassung........................................................................................................168
10.1 Einleitung ................................................................................................................168
10.2 Experimente............................................................................................................171
10.2.1 Experiment 1 ..............................................................................................171
10.2.2 Experiment 2 ..............................................................................................173
10.2.3 Experiment 3 ..............................................................................................174
10.3 Ergebnisse und Diskussion .....................................................................................177
11 References.....................................................................................................................183
Abbreviations......................................................................................................................198
Annotation...........................................................................................................................199
Danksagung .......................................................................................