Optimisation d'un capteur laser de déplacement par interférométrie à rétro-injection optique, Optimisation of a self-mixing laser displacement sensor

Usman Zabit

Description

Sous la direction de Thierry Bosch
Thèse soutenue le 20 juillet 2010: INPT
L'interférométrie à rétro-injection optique, également connu sous le nom de Self-Mixing, permet de concevoir des capteurs qui sont compacts, auto-alignés et sans contact. Dans ce phénomène, une partie du faisceau laser de retour réfléchi par la cible rentre dans la cavité active de laser et fait varier ses propriétés spectrales. La diode laser agit alors comme une source de lumière, un microinterféromètre ainsi qu'un détecteur de lumière. Dans cette thèse, un capteur de déplacement, basé sur la rétro-injection optique, a été optimisé de sorte que des mesures précises peuvent être obtenues en temps réel. Le capteur est robuste à la disparition des franges de self-mixing pour des vibrations harmoniques. Il est également capable de s'adapter à un changement dans le régime de feedback optique et peut donc extraire le déplacement dans les cas les plus répandus expérimentalement, à savoir un feedback faible puis modéré. L'utilisation de l'optique adaptative, sous la forme d'une lentille liquide, a également été démontrée pour ce capteur, ce qui nous a permis de maintenir le capteur dans un régime de feedback favorable. L'influence du speckle a également été réduite de telle sorte que le capteur mesure jusqu'à la gamme centimétrique pour des cibles non- oopératives. Une nouvelle technique est également présentée, elle permet de rendre le capteur insensible aux vibrations mécaniques parasites qui fausseraient la mesure pour des conditions industrielles.
-Interférométrie à rétro-injection optique
-Mesure de déplacement
-Mesure de vibration
-Optique adaptative
-Capteur diode laser
Optical Feedback Interferometry, also known as Self-Mixing, results in compact, selfaligned and contact-less sensors. In this phenomenon, a portion of the laser beam is back reflected from the target and enters the active laser cavity to vary its spectral properties. The laser diode then simultaneously acts as a light source, a micro- nterferometer as well as a light detector. In this thesis, a self-mixing displacement sensor has been optimised so that precise measurement can be obtained in real-time. The sensor is robust to the disappearance of self-mixing fringes for harmonic vibrations. It is also able to auto-adapt itself to a change in the optical feedback regime and so can extract displacement from the weak as well as moderate feedback regime signals. The use of adaptive optics, in the form of a liquid lens, has also been demonstrated for this sensor, which has allowed us to maintain the sensor in a fringe-loss less regime. The influence of speckle has also been reduced so that the sensor can now measure up to the centimetric range for non-cooperative targets. A novel technique has also been presented that makes the sensor insensitive to parasitic mechanical vibrations that would falsify the measurement under industrial conditions.
-Self-Mixing
-Optical Feedback Interferometry
-Displacement Measurement
-Vibration Measurement
-Adaptive Optics
-Laser Diode Sensor
Source: http://www.theses.fr/2010INPT0129/document

Sujets

• Optique adaptative

Informations

• Publié par: Thesee
• Nombre de lectures: 34
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 5 Mo

Extrait

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InstitutNationalPolytechniquedeToulouse(INPToulouse)
Microondes,ElectroMagnétisme,Optoélectronique
UsmanZABIT
mardi20juillet2010
4ITRE
OptimisationofaSelf-mixingLaserDisplacementSensor
*529
Prof.StephenWilson
DrFrancisBony
DrFrédéricGrillot
DrMaurizzioDabbicco
DrAnneMariedeSmet
%COLEDOCTORALE
GénieElectrique,ElectroniqueetTélécommunications(GEET)
5NITÏDERECHERCHE
Laboratoired'OptoélectroniquepourlesSystèmesembarqués
$IRECTEURSDE4HÒSE
Prof.ThierryBosch
2APPORTEURS
ProfPascalPicart
Prof.HoracioLamelaRiveraAcknowledgements
First of all, I wish to thank my research advisor Prof. Thierry Bosch whose contribution to my thesis
cannot be stated enough. I am highly indebted to his continuous involvement and guidance over the
course of the thesis in spite of his many responsibilities and hectic timetable. His ever-present
enthusiasm and availability never failed to encourage me while his scientific curiosity and acuity
moulded and enriched my research work. But, it is at a personal level that I admire him most for his
irrepressible sense of humour, flourishing eloquence and eclectic tastes. I treasure the endless hours
that I spent in his presence, full of wit and observation.
I would like to express my gratitude for Prof. Horacio Lamela Rivera of University Carlos III of
Madrid and Prof. Pascal Picart of University of Maine, Le Mans who kindly accepted to review my
research work despite their research activities and busy schedules at this time of the year. Their
remarks and observations have helped me further improve the quality of this manuscript.
I am also honoured by the presence of Prof. Stephen Wilson of University of Queensland, Australia
who has so kindly accepted to be a part of the jury. Likewise, I would like to thank Dr. Marie-Anne de
Smet of Airbus Industries, Dr. Maurizio Dabbicco of University of Pavia, Italy, and Dr. Frédéric
Grillot of INSA-Rennes, all of who have graciously accepted to be a member of the jury.
My thoughts are also with Francis Bony who helped me become self-reliant in my research
activities. I am also thankful to Olivier Bernal for his cheering presence and insightful participation
towards the end of the thesis.
I would also like to highlight the contribution of Reza Atashkhooei and Dr. Santiago Royo of
Technical University of Catalonia, Spain. It has been a pleasure collaborating with them and I
sincerely appreciate their warm and cordial personalities.
Likewise, I thank Prof. Aleksandar Rakic of University of Queensland for the part that he has taken
in my research activities. I’d also mention the time spent with Russell Kliese whose technical acumen
is only surpassed by his humane nature.
I am also indebted to the technical support and friendly encouragement provided by Clément
Tronche and Francis Jayat during the experiments. I would equally thank Emmanuelle Tronche for her
help and patience that allows me to wade through the paperwork.
Let me put in a word for Han-Cheng Seat and Julien Perchoux for their help with whom I shared
many an hour of teaching classes. I really admire their wonderful and intriguing personalities.
I am also thankful for the good humour and patience of my fellow PhD students, past and present, Optimisation of a Self-mixing Laser Displacement Sensor
Caroline, Pierre, Laurent, Josephe, Maha, Saroj, Emmanuel, Florent, Lucie, Raphael and Bendy. Let
me underscore the delicious dinners to which I was invited by Saroj and all the thoughtful advice and
friendship provided by the kind-hearted Maha. I also appreciate the exuberance brought by the
internees that have shared our office, Chao, Harold and Cristina, ever ready to laugh out loud.
On a personal note, what I feel for my parents, my mother Habiba Shaheen and my father Raja Zabit
Hussain, is more profound than mere words. I can’t count the sacrifices they did for the little ones.
They have given their lifeblood to see me grow and then fly away. I hope that my work will be a
source of happiness for them even if I have wavered along the way.
I express my love for Omer and Fakiha, my siblings that have always found a way of bringing a
smile to my face. I hope that they have thoroughly enjoyed my absence for a grumbling, frowning
brother is not the best gift that one may get.
Finally, I do wish to heartily thank my friends and flat-mates, Amir, Ahmad and Aamir. The time I
spent in their company and the tales that we weaved together is the thing that I shall cherish all my
life. Likewise, I wish all the best to Olivier, Stéphane and the drifters from Arsenal. I express my
gratitude for those close to me in Colmar once we got to France. I equally appreciate everyone at FJT
Espérance Toulouse who have twice welcomed me and brought me such surprises. I remain grateful
for the hospitality accorded by Gilles and Marilyne. Thanks to all who have brightened my days these
last few years. Sometimes, I feel as if life in France has been like being with Alice in wonderland.

Usman Zabit
Toulouse






4Usman Zabit Table of Contents
Acknowledgements................................................................................................................... 3
Table of Contents ..................................................................................................................... 5
Introduction........... 9
I Self-Mixing and its Applications................................................................................... 13
I.1 Self-Mixing Phenomenon........................................................................................14
I.1.1 Stand-alone Laser Diode......................................................................................16
I.1.2 Laser Diode in the presence of a target................................................................ 17
I.1.2.a Equivalent Cavity Model.............................................................................17
I.1.2.b Threshold gain and allowed emission frequencies....................................... 18
I.1.2.c Influence of the Phase .................................................................................. 20
I.1.2.d Optical Output Power................................................................................... 22
I.1.3 Conclusion............................................................................................................24
I.2 Applications of the Self-Mixing Effect.................................................................... 25
I.2.1 Displacement Measurement.................................................................................25
I.2.1.a Basic Principle..............................................................................................26
I.2.1.b Fringe Counting............................................................................................
I.2.1.c Increase of Resolution.................................................................................. 27
I.2.1.d Vibration Measurement................................................................................28
I.2.1.e Comparison of Displacement Sensors.......................................................... 29
I.2.2 Velocity Measurements........................................................................................30
I.2.2.a Physical Principle.........................................................................................30
I.2.2.b Rotation Velocities and in-plane Translation............................................... 31
I.2.2.b.1 Speckle Velocimetry...............................................................................32
I.2.3 Medical Applications...........................................................................................33
I.2.4 Absolute Distance Measurements ........................................................................ 34
I.3 Conclusion................................................................................................................36
II Ameliorations in SM Displacement Algorithm ........................................................... 39
II.1 Phase Unwrapping Method ...................................................................................... 40
II.1.1 Rough Estimation of Phase .............................................................................. 41
II.1.2 Joint Estimation of C and α ............................................................................. 43
II.1.3 Conclusion........................................................................................................44
II.2 Fourier Transform based Phase Retrieval ................................................................ 45
II.3 Adapted Nelder-Mead Algorithm ............................................................................ 48
II.3.1 The Nelder-Mead Simplex Method.................................................................. 48
II.3.1.a An iteration of NM algorithm .....................................