ParaGauss - a parallel implementation of the density functional method [Elektronische Ressource] : EPR g-tensors and hyperfine coupling constants in the Douglas-Kroll-Hess approach / Dmitri I. Ganiouchine

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• Physik

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• Publié par: technische_universitat_munchen
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2004
• Nombre de lectures: 15
• Langue: English

Extrait

Department Chemie
der Technischen Universitat Munc hen
ParaGauss — A Parallel Implementation of the Density
Functional Method: EPR g-Tensors and Hyper ne Coupling
Constants in the Douglas–Kroll–Hess Approach
Dmitri I. Ganiouchine
Vollst andiger Abdruck der von der Fakult at fur Chemie der Technischen Uni-
versit at Munc hen zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines
Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.)
genehmigten Dissertation.
Vorsitzender: Univ.-Prof. Dr. F. H. K ohler
Prufer der Dissertation
1. Univ.-Prof. Dr. N. R osch
2. Univ.-Prof. Dr. M. Kleber
DieDissertationwurdeam03.06.2004beiderTechnischenUniversit atMunc hen
eingereicht und durch die Fakultat fur Chemie am 01.07.2004 angenommen.Contents
1 Introduction 1
I Theory 7
2 The Magnetic Hamiltonian in the Two-Component Douglas-Kroll Kohn-
Sham Method 9
2.1 The Douglas-Kroll Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2 Introduction of a Magnetic Field
“Picture Change” E ect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.3 Douglas-Kroll Transformations of the Magnetic Hamiltonian . . . . . . . . 13
2.4 Computation of Relativistic Matrix Elements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.5 Douglas-Kroll Transformations Including
a Magnetic Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3 CalculationofHyper neCouplingConstantsUsingtheRelativisticDen-
sity Functional Douglas-Kroll-Hess Method 23
3.1 Hyper ne Hamiltonian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.1.1 Point Nucleus Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.1.2 Finite Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.1.3 The Problem of Gauge Origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.2 Spin Hamiltonian for Hyper ne Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.2.1 E ective Spin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.2.2 Spin Hamiltonian for a Kramers Doublet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.2.3 Hyper ne Coupling Tensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.3 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.3.1 Computational Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.3.2 Hyper ne Coupling Constants for Cu, Ag, and Au Atoms . . . . . 43
3.3.3 Hyper ne Interactions in Selected Test Molecules . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.3.4 Hyper neInteractionsinTestMoleculesContainingAtomsofHeavy
Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
iii CONTENTS
3.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.5 Mathematical Supplement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.5.1 Eigenvalues of a 22 Traceless Hermitian Matrix . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.5.2 Spin Rotation Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4 Calculation of Electronic g-Tensors Using the Relativistic Density Func-
tional Douglas-Kroll-Hess Method 57
4.1 Zeeman Hamiltonian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.2 Spin Hamiltonian for Zeeman Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.3 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.3.1 Computational Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.3.2 Critical Factors in g-Tensor Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4.3.3 Calculated g-Tensors for Selected Test Molecules . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
5 Implementation 73
5.1 General Remarks on Primitive Integrals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
5.2 Evaluation of Primitive Integrals for Magnetic Interactions . . . . . . . . . 76
5.3 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
II Applications 91
6 Hydrogen-BondingE ectsonElectronicg-TensorsofSemiquinoneAnion
Radicals 93
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
6.2 Computational Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
6.3 Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
6.4 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
6.4.1 Structure and Stoichiometry of the H-bonded Model Complexes . . 101
6.4.2 E ect of the Hydrogen Bonding on g-Tensors . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
6.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
+ +7 Electronicg-ValuesofNa -NOandCu -NOComplexesinZeolites: Anal-
ysis Using a Relativistic Density Functional Method 107
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
7.2 Computational Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
7.3 Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
7.4 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
7.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116CONTENTS iii
III Summary 119
8 Summary 121
A Basis Sets 125
B Nuclear Parameters 151
Publications 165iv CONTENTSList of Abbreviations
AO atomic orbital
BP Becke–Perdew
BQ benzoquinone
CISD con guration interaction (with) singlets (and) doublets
DF density functional (method)
DFT density functional theory
DK Douglas–Kroll (method)
DKH Douglas–Kroll–Hess (approach)
DKS Dirac–Kohn–Sham (equation)
DQ duroquinone
ee electron-electron (interaction)
EPR electronic paramagnetic resonance
GGA generalized gradient approximation
GHF general Hartree-Fock (method)
GIAO gauge including atomic orbitals
GTO Gaussian-type orbital
IGLO individual gauge for localized orbitals
HF Hartree–Fock (method)
HFCC hyper ne coupling constant
HOMO highest occupied molecular orbital
KS Kohn–Sham
LCGTO linear combination of Gaussian-type orbitals
LDA local density approximation
LUMO lowest unoccupied molecular orbital
MRCI multi-reference con guration interaction
NCSDF noncollinear spin density functional
NMR nuclear magnetic resonance
PW Perdew-Wang
RKS restricted Kohn-Sham
ROKS open-shell Kohn-Sham
SCF self-consistent eld
SI self-interaction
vvi CONTENTS
SNSO screened nuclear spin-orbit (interaction)
SO spin-orbit
SOMO singly occupied molecular orbital
SOS sum-over-states
SR scalar relativistic (model)
STO Slater-type orbital
VWN Vosko–Wilk–Nusair (xc functional)
UKS unrestricted Kohn-Sham
xc exchange-correlation (potential, functional)
ZORA zero-order regular approximationChapter 1
Introduction
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy represents one of the most powerful
experimental methods for investigating electronic and structural features of systems con-
taining unpaired electrons, such as radicals, coordination compounds and paramagnetic
sites in solids [1, 2]. Also, the theoretical foundations of these methods are well established
[3]. A large amount of EPR data have been collected for a large variety of open-shell
systems relevant for physics, chemistry, and biology [4, 5, 6, 7, 8] since the invention of
this spectroscopic technique in 1945 by the Russian physicists E. K. Zavoisky.
The EPR method deals with interactions of electrons of a molecular system with a
static external magnetic eld modi ed by the magnetic eld of the nuclei of the system.
These interactions can be described by a so-called e ective spin Hamiltonian, chosen to
reproduce the experimentally observed spectroscopic transitions.
effˆThe term H that represents the electronic Zeeman interaction (with a typical levelZ
1splitting ofw1 cm ) in such an e ective spin Hamiltonian reads
eff ~0ˆ ~ ˜H = B gS . (1.1)Z B
~0~ ˜Here, is the Bohr magneton, B is the external homogeneous magnetic eld, S is theB
operator of the ctitious spin, and g is a 33 matrix, commonly referred to as g-tensor
[3, 2, 1]. The latter accounts for the orientational dependence of the Zeeman splitting of
the molecule under study with respect to the external eld and (after diagonalization) it
yields three g-values which quantify the the Zeeman interaction.
The interactionbetweenamagnetic momentofanunpaired electron withthe magnetic
moments of N nuclei comprising the radical, results in another term of the e ective spin
effˆHamiltonian, the hyper ne term H , which is characterized by a typical level splitting
hf
1 1ofw10 cm ,
NX
eff ~ ˆ ˜ ~H = Sa I , (1.2)hf
=1
12 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
~where I is the nuclear spin operator and a the 3 3 hyper ne interaction tensor of
nucleus. Thattensoriscommonlyseparatedintotheorientationalindependent(isotropic,
a )andorientationaldependentcomponents(anisotropic, tracelessmagneticdipolar,t ),iso
a =a +t [1]. a arisesfromthecontact interactionbetweenanelectronandnucleusiso iso
andis calledFermicontactterm. Thistermis the onlyone which can be detected inliquid
solutions due to the spatial averaging of hyper ne interactions caused by the random and
rapid tumbling of molecules. The other tensor components can be separately obtained,
for instance, if