The life of reason; or, The phases of human progress

George Santayana

Description

CO THE LIFE OF REASON : or the Phases of Human Progress GEORGE SANTAYANABy 1Assistant in Har-varcProfessor of Philosophy University I. INTRODUCTION AND REA SON IN COMMON SENSE. II. REASON IN SOCIETY. III. IN RELIGION. IV. REASON IN ART. V. IN SCIENCE. OF REASONLIFETHE OR THE OF HUMAN PROGRESSPHASES BY SANTAYANAGEORGE IN RELIGIONREASON - - ^ . f K ,1 6von vfcoiyyap tvepytia ^/ \ 1- LONDON Ltd.& CO.CONSTABLEARCHIBALD 1906 s forCharles Scribner Sons, theCopyright, 1905, by of AmericaUnited States Printed the Trow andby Directory, Printing Bookbinding Company New York, U. S. A. CONTENTS IN RELIGIONREASON ICHAPTER OF KEASONEMBODIMENTMAY BE ANRELIGIONHOW ruebut not literally .-is certainly significant,Religion |< at the LifeIt aimsandis particular.All religion positive Itsattain it.fails to approachbutof largelyReason, its valuemethod is denieditsWhenimaginative. poetic hindersrather thanIt science is precedesjeopardised. human.andIt is thoroughlyit merely symbolic 3-14Pages andMechanismcauses.causes not necessaryFelt selection of categories.ulterior Earlydialectic principles. a rudimentaryworlds.rational SuperstitionTentative inmoreA though unexpected,miracle,philosophy. come of than a Superstitionsregular process.telligible tosuffers them spread.Inattentionto understand.haste wisdoman inarticulatethem toGenius use conveymay 15-27 Pages IIICHAPTER PRAYERANDSACRIFICE,MAGIC, Thecontributed.Need alsotheFear created gods. Practices existence.

Sujets

• Philosophy

Informations

• Publié par: les_archives_du_savoir
• Nombre de lectures: 14
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 10 Mo

Extrait

COTHE LIFE OF REASON : or the
Phases of Human Progress
GEORGE SANTAYANABy
1Assistant in Har-varcProfessor of Philosophy
University
I. INTRODUCTION AND REA
SON IN COMMON SENSE.
II. REASON IN SOCIETY.
III. IN RELIGION.
IV. REASON IN ART.
V. IN SCIENCE.OF REASONLIFETHE
OR THE
OF HUMAN PROGRESSPHASES
BY
SANTAYANAGEORGE
IN RELIGIONREASON
- - ^
.
f K ,1 6von vfcoiyyap tvepytia ^/
\
1-
LONDON
Ltd.& CO.CONSTABLEARCHIBALD
1906s forCharles Scribner Sons, theCopyright, 1905, by
of AmericaUnited States
Printed the Trow andby Directory, Printing Bookbinding Company
New York, U. S. A.CONTENTS
IN RELIGIONREASON
ICHAPTER
OF KEASONEMBODIMENTMAY BE ANRELIGIONHOW
ruebut not literally .-is certainly significant,Religion |<
at the LifeIt aimsandis particular.All religion positive
Itsattain it.fails to approachbutof largelyReason,
its valuemethod is denieditsWhenimaginative. poetic
hindersrather thanIt science
is precedesjeopardised.
human.andIt is thoroughlyit merely symbolic
3-14Pages
andMechanismcauses.causes not necessaryFelt
selection of categories.ulterior Earlydialectic principles.
a rudimentaryworlds.rational SuperstitionTentative
inmoreA though unexpected,miracle,philosophy.
come of
than a Superstitionsregular process.telligible
tosuffers them spread.Inattentionto understand.haste
wisdoman inarticulatethem toGenius use conveymay
15-27
Pages
IIICHAPTER
PRAYERANDSACRIFICE,MAGIC,
Thecontributed.Need alsotheFear created gods.
Practices existence. precedesof Godreal evidences
ofnature religioustentativein Pathetic,theory religion.
thein gods, suggestingMeanness and envypractices. sacThearts. Thank-offerings.Ritualisticsacrifice. mutilitarianis nota contrite heart.-Prayerrifice of
TheologicalIts efficacy magical.essence. supposedCONTENTSvi
A real would be mechanical. True usesefficacypuzzles.
of It clarifies the ideal. It reconciles to the inprayer.
evitable. It fosters life it in itsspiritual by conceiving
and are their ownperfection. Discipline contemplation
reward 28-48Pages
CHAPTER IV
MYTHOLOGY
Status of fable in the mind. It Itrequires genius.
half deceives. Its essence. Contrastonly interpretative
with science. of the moral factor. Its subImportance
be metamergence. Myth justifies magic. Myths might
like of the socialphysical. They appear ready made, parts
fabric. the conscience. inThey perplex Incipient myth
the Vedas. Natural soon exhausted.suggestions They
will be carried out in abstract becomefancy. They may
moral ideals. The moralised. The leaven ofSun-god
is moral idealism 49-68religion Pages
CHAPTER V
THE HEBRAIC TRADITION
Phases of Hebraism. Israel s tribal monotheism.
Problems involved. The new wine in oldprophets put
bottles. and of theInspiration authority. Beginnings
Church. turned into a Penance acBigotry principle.
combines and asceticism.cepted. Christianity optimism
Reason smothered between the two. made anReligion
institution 69-82Pages
CHAPTER VI
THE EPICCHRISTIAN
The theessence of not adventitious butgood expressive.
A universal themust whole world.religion interpret
Double of Hebrew beappeal Christianity. metaphors
come Greek ofHebrew identimyths. philosophy history
fied with Platonic The orthodoxcosmology. resulting
The brief drama of is asystem. things. Mythology
and must be tounderstoodlanguage convey something
83-98by symbols PagesCONTENTS vii
CHAPTER VII
PAGAN CUSTOM AND BARBARIAN GENIUS INFUSED INTO
CHRISTIANITY
Need of -Catholic morepaganising Christianity. piety
human than the Natural takenliturgy. pieties. Refuge
in the The of life consecratedsupernatural. episodes
Paganism Hebraism liberalised.mystically. chastened,
The and founded on Exsystem post-rational despair.
ternal conversion of the barbarians. of theExpression
northern within Catholicism. Internalgenius discrepan
cies between the two. Tradition and instinct at odds in
Protestantism. The Protestant remote from thatspirit
of the Obstacles to humanism. The Reformagospel.
tion and counter-reformation. Protestantism an expres
sion of character. It has the of life and ofspirit courage,
but the voice of Its frominexperience. emancipation
99-126Christianity Pages
CHAPTER VIII
CONFLICT OF MYTHOLOGY WITH MORAL TRUTH
should dissolve with the advance of science.Myth
But is confused with the moral values itmyth expresses.
Neo-Platonic revision. It made entities of abmythical
stractions. ruins ideals. The Stoic revision.Hypostasis
The ideal surrendered before the Parallelphysical.
movements in ifChristianity. Hebraism, philosophical,
must be even whenpantheistic. Pantheism, psychic,
ideals. divine action limited to what makesignores Truly
for the Need The standof angood. opposing principle.
ard of makes beliefvalue is human. forHope happiness
in God 127-147Pages
CHAPTER IX
THE CHRISTIAN COMPROMISE
between and disillusion.Suspense hope Superficial
solution. But from what shall we be redeemed? Typical
attitude of St. He achieves Platonism. HeAugustine.
identifies it with God the good. PrimaryChristianity.
and of the goodsecondary religion. Ambiguous efficacyCONTENTSyiii
Plato. of the creator in Job.in Ambiguous goodness
All nature.The Manicheans. The docthings good by
of creation demands that of the fall. sin.trine Original
Forced abandonment of the ideal. The problem among
Protestants. Pantheism Plainer scorn forthe accepted.
the ideal. The of isprice mythology superstition.
148-177Pages
CHAPTER X
PIETY
core of not theoretical.The to thereligion Loyalty
of our The ^Eneas. An idealsources backbeing. pious
natural conditions andground required. Piety accepts
tasks. The of instinct is normal. Empresent leadership
bodiment essential to to the takes form
spirit. Piety gods
from current ideals. The of Cosmicreligion humanity.
178-192piety Pages
CHAPTER XI
ANDSPIRITUALITY ITS CORRUPTIONS
is to live in view of theTo be ideal.spiritual -Spirit
Primitive consciousnessnatural. beuality may spiritual.
crossed instrumentalities. One foe of theSpirit by
worldliness. The case for andisspirit against pleasure.
of wisdom. Two fromUpshot worldly supposed escapes
fanaticism and Both
: are irrational.vanity mysticism.
Is there a third course? for hasYes, experience intrinsic,
inalienable values. For these the religious imagination
must an ideal standard 193-213supply Pages
XIICHAPTER
CHARITY
Possible of reason. has itstyranny Everything rights.
and UncharitablePrimary secondary morality. pagan
is not The doom of ancientjustice just. republics.
Rational Its limits. Itscharity. mythical supports.
There is in Buddhist and Christianintelligence charity.
forms of it. division of the and theApparent spiritual
natural 214-228PagesCONTENTS ix
CHAPTER XIII
THE BELIEF IN A FUTURE LIFE
of life a for naturalThe subject science.length "Psy
of sense. Thesechical"phenomena. Hypertrophies possi
affect existence Moralbilities forphysical only. grounds
doctrine. The of a future.the necessary assumption
An no evidence. Aassumption solipsistic argument.
and transferred to theAbsoluteness immortality gods.
Or to a divine in all In neither case isbeings.principle
the individual immortal. Possible forms of survival.
from retribution and need ofArguments opportunity.
of both. False inIgnoble temper optimistic postulate
volved. Transition to 229-250ideality Pages
CHAPTER XIV
IDEAL IMMORTALITY
the first ideal. Its indirectOlympian immortality
Moral of thisattainment by reproduction. acceptance
Even vicariouscompromise. immortality intrinsically
Intellectual over Theimpossible. victory change. glory
Reason makes man s and hisof it. divinity immortality.
locus of all truths.It is the Epicurean immortality,
of existence.the truththrough Logical
of Ethical objects thought. immortality, through
251-273of excellence Pagestypes
XVCHAPTER
CONCLUSION
of TheirThe failure of and mythology. imaginmagic
ative value. andPiety spirituality justified. Mysticism
It recur ata state of stagefeeling. may anyprimordial
its life and value.of culture. Form substancegives
274-279Pages