Region-specific characterization of the cuprizone model for Multiple Sclerosis and impairment of remyelination by corticosteroids [Elektronische Ressource] / Tim Guido Clarner

Tclarner

Sujets

• Naturwissenschaften

Informations

• Publié par: rheinisch-westfalischen_technischen_hochschule_-rwth-_aachen
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2011
• Nombre de lectures: 13
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 5 Mo

Extrait

Region-specific characterization of the cuprizone model for
Multiple Sclerosis and impairment of remyelination by
corticosteroids























Tim Clarner
„Region-specific characterization of the cuprizone model for
Multiple Sclerosis and impairment of remyelination by
corticosteroids”



Von der Fakultät für Mathematik, Informatik und Naturwissenschaften der RWTH
Aachen University zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der
Naturwissenschaften genehmigte Dissertation





vorgelegt von



Diplom Biologe
Tim Guido Clarner
aus München


Berichter: Universitätsprofessor Dr. Cordian Beyer

Universitätsprofessor Dr. Werner Baumgartner








Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 01.09.2011








Diese Dissertation ist auf den Internetseiten der Hochschulbibliothek online verfügbar.


































Meinen Eltern
Index

Abbreviations______________________________________5
1. General introduction ______________________________7
1.1 Multiple sclerosis in history and present ____________________________________ 7
1.2 Genetic risk factors_______________________________________________________ 10
1.3 Epidemiology ____________________________________________________________ 10
1.4 Therapeutic attempts for the treatment of MS_______________________________ 12
1.5 Animal models for MS ____________________________________________________ 13
1.6 The cuprizone model for MS ______________________________________________ 13
1.7 Astrocytes in MS and during CNS inflammation ____________________________ 14
2. Scope of the study ______________________________17
3. Materials and methods ___________________________18
3.1 Animal treatment and induction of demyelination and remyelination _________ 18
3.2 Tissue preparation _______________________________________________________ 19
3.3 Luxol fast blue (LFB) staining and immunohistochemistry (IHC) _____________ 19
3.4 Immunocytochemistry (ICC)_______________________________________________ 21
3.5 Quantification of demyelination ___________________________________________ 22
3.6 Quantification of oligodendrocyte cell numbers ____________________________ 22
3.7 Quantification of astrocyte parameters_____________________________________ 22
3.8 Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rtRT-PCR) _______ 23
3.9 Adrenocorticotrop hormone (ACTH) and T3 ELISA __________________________ 24
3.10 Cell culture experiments _________________________________________________ 25
3.10.1 Primary oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPC) and neonatal astrocyte cultures 25
3.10.2 Cell culture treatment _______________________________________________________ 26
3.11 Western blot ____________________________________________________________ 26
3.12 Statistical analysis ______________________________________________________ 27
4. Chapter I_______________________________________29
4.1 Introduction______________________________________________________________ 30
4.2 Results __________________________________________________________________ 33
4.2.1 Demyelination of distinct cerebellar areas _____________________________________ 33
4.2.2 Astrocyte and microglia responses during cerebellar demyelination _____________ 36
4.3 Discussion_______________________________________________________________ 39
5. Chapter II ______________________________________43
5.1 Introduction 44
5.2 Results __________________________________________________________________ 46
35.2.1 Glucocorticoids accelerate spontaneous differentiation of cultured OPC _________ 46
5.2.2 CS treatment regulates growth factor expression in astrocytes __________________ 47
5.2.3 Acceleration of Dex-mediated OPC differentiation is abolished by FGF2 and PDGF-
αα _______________________________________________________________________________ 49
5.2.4 MP treatment interferes with endogenous myelination capacity after cuprizone-
induced demyelination ____________________________________________________________ 49
5.2.5 MP treatment does not affect microglia and astrocyte cell numbers during
endogenous remyelination ________________________________________________________ 52
5.2.6 Effect of CS on thyroid hormone plasma levels_________________________________ 52
5.3 Discussion_______________________________________________________________ 54
6. Chapter III______________________________________60
6.1 Introduction______________________________________________________________ 61
6.2 Results __________________________________________________________________ 62
6.2.1 Astrocytes express APP in the CC of cuprizone-treated mice ____________________ 62
6.2.2 APP gene and protein expression in the CC of cuprizone-treated mice ___________ 62
6.3 Discussion_______________________________________________________________ 66
7. General discussion ______________________________69
8. Summary ______________________________________74
9. Acknowledgement_______________________________77
10. References ____________________________________79
11. Curriculum vitae _______________________________90
12. List of publications _____________________________91
13. Appendix _____________________________________93
13.1 Appendix 1: Transcardial perfusion of mice _______________________________ 93
13.2 Appendix 2: Paraffin-embedding of mice tissue samples ___________________ 93
13.3 Appendix 3: Immunohistochemistry ______________________________________ 94
12.4 Appendix 4: SDS Polyacrylamid gel electrophoresis _______________________ 95
4Abbreviations

ABC avidin biotin complex
AEC 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole
ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone
AD Alzheimers disease
ANOVA analysis of variance
APC adenomatosis polyposis coli
APP amyloid precursor protein
BSA bovine serum albumin
CA cornu ammonis
CC corpus callosum
CCx cerebellar cortex
cDNA complementary DNA
CM marrow
CNH head of the caudate nucleus
CNPase 2', 3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase
CNS central nervous system
CNV ventral part of the caudate nucleus
CP caudate putamen
Dex Dexamethasone
DHC dorsal hippocampal commisure
DMEM Dulbeccos modified eagle medium
EAE experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
FCS foetal calf serum
FGF2 fibroblast growth factor
GC glucocorticoid
GCR oreceptor
GFAP glial fibrillary acidic protein
GL granular layer
GM growth medium
GP globus pallidus
HDG hilus of the dentate gyrus
HLA human leukocyte antigen
HPRT hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase
5ICC immunocytochemistry
IFN- β interferone- β
IHC immunohistochemistry
IN inerpositus nucleus
lAlv lateral Alveus
LCN lateral part of the caudate nucleus
LFB Luxol fast blue
lStr striatum
MAG myelin associated glycoprotein
mAlv medial alveus
MBP myelin basic protein
MCN caudate nucleus
ML molecular layer
MMLV moloney murine leukemia virus
MOG associated glycoprotein
MP methylprednisolone
MS multiple sclerosis
mStr medial striatum
Olig2 oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2
OPC oligodendrprogenitor cell
PBS phosphate bufferd saline
PDGFR α platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha
PDGF- αα platelet derived growth factor
PL pyramidal layer
PLP proteolipoprotein
rtRT-PCR reverse-transcription real time polymerase chain reaction
sAPP secreted amyloid precursor protein
SDS-PAGE sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
SEM standard error of the mean
SVZ subventricular zone
SLM stratum lacunosum moleculare
T3 triiodothyronine
TCR T-cell receptor
TNF tumor necrosis factor
WM white matter
61. General introduction

1.1 Multiple sclerosis in history and present
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disorder of the central nervous system (CNS),
characterized by myelin loss, varying degrees of axonal pathology, and progressive
neurological dysfunction. Demyelination and a pronounced inflammatory infiltrate,
composed of mainly lymphocytes, macrophages, and activated microglia are
commonly observed in active MS lesions. Tissue changes, including neuronal
damage, oligodendrocyte loss, as well as astrogliosis and signs of remyelination,
accompany inflammation (Hemmer et al. 2002). The disease is preferably affecting
young adults between 20 and 40 years with an average onset at 30 years